Umjikelo wenitrogen

El Umjikelo wenitrogen ngumjikelo osisiseko we-biogeochemical ekusebenzeni ngokuchanekileyo kobomi. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemijikelezo ye-biogeochemical ezo ziqinisekisa iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo kuphuhliso lobomi. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zixhomekeke kumjikelo we-nitrogen ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwazo.

Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu, imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka komjikelo we-nitrogen.

Uthini umjikelo wenitrogen

Umjikelo we-nitrogen awuyonto engaphezulu koku iseti yeekhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zebhayiloji ezivumela ukubonelela ngezinto eziphilayo nge-nitrogen kuphuhliso lwabo. Kwaye kubalulekile ukuba le nto ibalulekile ukuze umntu ophilayo akwazi ukukhula ngokupheleleyo. Kukho amadama ahlukeneyo, amanqanaba alo mjikelo abaluleke kakhulu kubomi babantu. Njengomjikelo wekhabhoni kunye neminye imijikelo yendalo, kukho imithombo yokukhupha le nto. Kwelinye icala, ukuze umjikelo uvale ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka kubekho imithombo yokufunxa kwenitrogen. Ngale ndlela, kufezekisiwe ukuba ibhalansi yenitrogen yomhlaba kufuneka izinzile ukuze yonke into isebenze ngokuchanekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu babangela iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye lo mjikelo wonakele kakhulu. Phakathi kweempawu esinazo kulo mjikelo we-biogeochemical sinemvelaphi yazo. Kwaye ukuba initrogen ivela kwindalo yenyukliya ye-atomiki, izinto zeekhemikhali ezingezizo zesinyithi zikwimeko yegesi. Siyazi ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo zibonakalisa umjikelo wonke. Ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinto kuqala ekulahlekelweni kwee-elektroni. Ngelo xesha, ngaphandle kwee-elektroni, iiamino acid, iDNA kunye neeproteni zinokwenziwa. Ndiyabulela kuko konke oku kuqulunqwa, umjikelo wenitrogen unoxanduva lokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo nakwizihlunu zezinto eziphilayo.

Nangona luhlobo lwenkonzo yendalo engaphathekiyo, ibalulekile kuphuhliso lobomi. Ke ngoko, umntu kufuneka afunde ukugcina lo mjikelo njengoko ubalulekile.

Amachibi e-nitrogen kwinqanaba lehlabathi

Siza kuhlalutya ukuba yeyiphi eyona mithombo iphambili apho ifumaneka khona initrogen kumgangatho wehlabathi. Inxalenye yokuqala yomoya. Siyazi ukuba umoya wethu ubukho obuphezulu bel nitrogen, le yi-78% yazo zonke iigesi. Ubukhulu becala bume komoya. Nangona i-nitrogen esemoyeni ingene kwaye ayenzi naluphi na uhlobo lokuphendula, idlala indima yayo kuko konke oku.

Enye indawo apho kukho ichibi le-nitrogen kukumawa asezantsi. I-21% ye-nitrogen ifunyenwe ixutywe nezinto eziphilayo ze isasazwe kwiilwandlekazi zonke. Masingakulibali ukuba ubomi baselwandle budinga i-nitrogen ukuze ikwazi ukukhula kakuhle. I-nitrojeni kubomi baselwandle ifakiwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Zininzi izinto eziphilayo ezifuna i-nitrogen kwimihla ngemihla ukuze zikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Inxalenye yokugqibela yedama yale nto ikwii-microorganisms. Ii-microorganisms ezithatha inxaxheba kumjikelo we-nitrogen zaziwa njenge igama lezilungiso, ii-nitrifiers kunye ne-denitrifiers. Izilungiso zezo zinto ziphilayo ezinenjongo yokulungisa i-nitrogen emzimbeni wakho nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kwelinye icala sinezitrifiers. Imalunga nezo zinto ziphilayo zondliwa nge-nitrogen njengenxalenye yezinto eziphilayo. Iidenitrifiers zezo zisusa initrogen ngenxa yesiphumo seekhemikhali.

Izigaba zomjikelo wenitrogen

Siza kubona ukuba ngawaphi amanqanaba aphambili odlula kuwo lo mjikelo kuba uqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo. Sifumene izigaba ezahlukeneyo apho i-nitrogen ibikhona njengoko igesi ibithatha ukubaluleka kwayo okanye kwenye. Masibone ukuba zeziphi izigaba eziphambili:

• Ulungiso: Yinqanaba apho i-nitrogen esemoyeni ifunyanwa zizo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingayisebenzisa ngendlela ye-abiotic. Yile nxalenye nje yendalo engazi nto. Umzekelo, amandla ombane avela kumbane kunye nemitha yelanga zizinto ze-abiotic. Ubomi bebhayoloji yinxalenye ekwaziyo ukufumana initrogen kwizinto ezincinci ezikhoyo emhlabeni.
• Ukwaziswa: Iitrate zimi apha. Izityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulo lonke eli nqanaba lomjikelo. Kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli zezityalo sine-nitrate ezincitshiswe zaya kwi-nitrites. Kwi-nitrite isebenza ukubandakanywa kwisityalo ngeengcambu. Siyazi ukuba izityalo zisebenzisa i-nitrogen njengokutya ukuze zikhule kwaye zivelise.
• Ukunyanzelwa: sisigaba somjikelo we-nitrogen apho siguqulwa saba yi-ammonium ion ngenxa yesenzo seentsholongwane ze-aerobic. Oku kuthetha ukuba zincinci ezisebenza phambi kweoksijini.
• Isibhengezo: Yinxalenye yenkqubo equka i-oxidation ye-ammonia nge-microorganisms ze-aerobic. Ndiyabulela kule nitrification, i-ammonia nitrogen ibuyela emhlabeni ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe zizityalo.
• Ukuhamba: yinkqubo eyahlukileyo kwi-nitrification.
• Ukuchaswa: yinkqubo echaseneyo yokulungiswa. Apha sinenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba kukuphefumla kwe-anaerobic. Oko kukuthi, olu hlobo lwenkqubo lwenzeka xa kungekho ioksijini. Le nkqubo inoxanduva lokubuyisela i-nitrogen emoyeni kunye ne-nitrate enyibilikiswe emanzini. Yinqanaba lokugqibela lomjikelo apho yonke into ibuyela kwimvelaphi yayo.

Ukubaluleka

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, lo mjikelo ubaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lendalo. I-nitrojeni ibalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo njengoko zinokusetyenziswa ngabo. Yinto ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-DNA, iiamino acid, iiproteni kunye neecicic acid. Kananjalo baba yinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso nakwimveliso kwezolimo. Uninzi lwezichumisi ezisetyenziselwa ezolimo ukwenza ukuba izityalo zikhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye zineempawu ezingcono ezineeoksijini ezininzi.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nomjikelo we-nitrogen kunye neempawu zayo.