Kunzima ukucinga ukuba uyakwazi ukubala iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Iplanethi yethu inobunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-6.000 de ifikelele embindini. Ngaphandle koku, umntu ufikelele kubunzulu be-12 km kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, sineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukwazi ukubala ubushushu nzulu. Umahluko kumaqondo obushushu ngokobunzulu bomhlaba waziwa ngegama lika Umgangatho wobume bomhlaba.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-gradient gradient.
Yintoni i-gradient ye-geothermal
I-gradient ye-geothermal ayikho enye into ngaphandle kokwahluka kobushushu njengomsebenzi wobunzulu esizifumanayo. Iqondo lobushushu linokulinganiswa kwiikhilomitha zokuqala zomhlaba kwaye ziyonyuka kubunzulu zilandela uxinzelelo oluphakathi lwe-3 degrees nge-100 yeemitha zobunzulu. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokwahluka kobushushu kunye nobunzulu kuthiwa yi-geothermal gradient. Ubushushu bendalo bomhlaba ubangelwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezenzeka ngaphakathi. Kukwakho nezinye izinto eziya kweli nxaki ukuze kubalwe ubushushu.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela ixabiso le-grother geadimal:
- Izinto zengingqi: Ummandla apho sivela khona kwihlabathi liphela kubalulekile ukuze sikwazi ukwahluka kobushushu. Imeko yokuma komhlaba nolwakhiwo kumgangatho wengingqi yenye yezinto ezibangela ukuhanjiswa kwamaqondo obushushu. Ngamanye amagama, kwiindawo apho kukho i-volcanism esebenzayo namhlanje, iindawo apho i-lithosphere iyancipha ngakumbi, i-gradient ye-geothermal iphezulu kakhulu kunezinye iindawo apho kungekho msebenzi wentaba-mlilo okanye apho i-lithosphere inobunzima obahlukileyo.
- Izinto zasekuhlaleniKwinqanaba lendawo ngakumbi sibona umohluko phakathi kweempawu ezishushu zamatye. Kukho amatye ane-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal evelisa i-lateral lateral and vertical variations of the geothermal gradient. Eyona nto igqiba ixabiso le-gradient geothermal kukujikeleza kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Into ke kukuba amanzi anamandla amakhulu okusasaza ubushushu kwakhona. Le yindlela esiyifumana ngayo imimandla yokutshaja kwakhona kwe-aquifer ehla ngobushushu bayo ngenxa yokuhamba ezantsi kwamanzi abandayo.
Kwelinye icala, sineendawo ezithile zokukhuphela apho kwenzeka okwahlukileyo. Ukunyuka kwamanzi ashushu kubunzulu kubangela ukuba i-gradient gradient inyuke. Ke ngoko, Ixabiso eliza kuthatha i-gradient ye-geothermal iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko ye-geological kunye nesakhiwoUmahluko phakathi kweempawu zobugcisa zamatye kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Zonke ezi zinto zezona zenza ukuba oku kunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwahluka kubunzulu.
Ukuhamba kunye nokusasazeka kobushushu basemhlabeni
Siyazi ukuba ubushushu obukhutshwa yiplanethi yethu bunokulinganiswa ngobushushu bomhlaba obushushu. Lixabiso lobushushu elahlekileyo kwiplanethi ngeyunithi nganye kunye nexesha. Ubushushu bobushushu bomhlaba bubalwa njengemveliso ye-gradient ye-geothermal kunye nokuqhutywa kobushushu obuphakathi. Oko kukuthi, ixabiso lesithsaba somhlaba esiphindaphindwayo liphindaphindwe ngumthamo wobushushu wendlela ethile apho sikhona. Le yindlela siyazi ngayo inani elipheleleyo lokulahleka kobushushu okukhoyo kwindawo ethile.
Ukuqhutywa kwe-Thermal kukulula kwezinto ukuze zikwazi ukuhambisa ubushushu. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuhamba kobushushu kwilizwekazi yi-60 mW / m2, ezinokuhla ziye kumaxabiso e-30 mW / m2 kwiindawo zakudala zelizwekazi- apho i-lithosphere iyatyeba-kwaye idlula amaxabiso ayi-120 mW / m2 kwiindawo ezincinci, apho i-lithosphere incinci. Kumigodi nakumngxuma wesitshixo kulula kakhulu, amaqondo obushushu ezinto zangaphakathi zomhlaba anyuka ngobunzulu.
Kukho imithombo yeoyile emininzi apho amaxabiso eedigri ezili-100 afikelelwa kwi-4.000 yeemitha ubunzulu. Kwelinye icala, kwiindawo ezinentaba-mlilo, izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ziziswa emhlabeni kubushushu obuphezulu obuvela kwiindawo ezinzulu kakhulu. Inxalenye yoqweqwe loMhlaba ingaphaya kweesentimitha ezimbalwa ukutyeba. Ibonakaliswe yinyani yokuba amaqondo obushushu ayo axhomekeke kubushushu bomhlaba obukhoyo kwaye abonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zobushushu bexesha kunye namaxesha onyaka. Impembelelo yobushushu bangaphandle ichaphazela kancinane njengoko singena nzulu.
Xa sifikelela kwinqanaba elithile lobunzulu, ubushushu buhlala bulingana nomndilili weqondo lobushushu bendawo. Lo mmandla ubizwa ngokuba kwinqanaba lokungathathi hlangothi lobushushu beozone.
Ubunzulu kunye negradient yomhlaba
Ubunzulu apho inqanaba lokungathathi hlangothi lifunyanwa apho amaqondo obushushu ahlala ahlala ahluka phakathi kweemitha ezimbini ukuya kwezingama-2 Eyona nto inkulu kakhulu kokukhona imeko-bume yomhlaba iphezulu. Apha ngezantsi kokungathathi hlangothi kulapho amaqondo obushushu aqala ukunyuka ngobunzulu. Oku kunyuka akufani kuzo zonke iindawo. Kweyokuqala, ikho ngaphezulu ngaphezu komhlaba, ixabiso eliphakathi le-grother geothermal limalunga ne-40 yeemitha. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka ungene kwiimitha ezingama-33 ubunzulu ukuze unyuke ngeqondo loku-33 kwiqondo lobushushu. Ke, Iyasekwa phakathi komyinge we-grother geothermal yi-3 degrees rhoqo kwi-100 yeemitha.
Amaxabiso aphakathi asebenza kuphela kwimimandla engaphandle yecortex, kuba inokugcinwa kuyo yonke irediyo. Kubunzulu obukhulu amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuba izinto ziyanyibilika kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezilikhulu nje kuphela.
Namhlanje siyazi ukuba uninzi lwe-geophysicists luqikelela ukuba amaqondo obushushu kweyona ndawo ingaphakathi kwiplanethi ayidluli kumawaka ambalwa eedigri. Ebuninzini, abanye baqikelela amaxabiso amalunga nama-5.000 eedigri. Konke oku kukhokelela kumoya we-geothermal gradient uyehla ngobunzulu kwakube kufikelelwe kwinani elithile elingaphantsi komhlaba.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-gradient geothermal kunye neempawu zayo.