Ngo-1879, enye yezona nzululwazi zibalaseleyo emhlabeni wazalwa e-Ulm. Imalunga ne Albert Einstein. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe uIsaac Newton wayecacisile imithetho elawula ukuhamba kwemizimba neenkwenkwezi. Oku kuncede ukudibanisa i-physics yomhlaba kunye ne-physics yasezulwini. Ngale ndlela kwakwaziwa ukuba yinxalenye enkulu yabo bonke ubuchwephesha ukuya kwihlabathi langoku. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, zaziliqela izinto ezazingachazwanga kwiimfundiso zikaNewton. Ke ngoko, u-Albert Einstein kwafuneka oyise zonke iziphene ze-physics wenze iparadigm entsha: ithiyori yolwalamano.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke i-biography kunye nokwenza kuka-Albert Einstein kunye nokubaluleka kwethiyori yolwalamano njengesiqalo se-physics yanamhlanje.
I-biografi ka-Albert Einstein
Umzekelo ka-Albert Einstein ochazayo wasuswa kuyo yonke ingqiqo. Oko kukuthi, le ithiyori iphawule kwaye yaphawula ukuqala koqhawulo-mtshato phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nesayensi eya ngokuya ikhethekile kwaye ingaqondakali. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ngexa lobomi bale physicist okanye emva, imiba emininzi yobudlelwane eyayimangalisa kwaye ingaqondakali ngelo xesha iqinisekisiwe. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba uAlbert Einstein abe yenye yezona nzululwazi zidumileyo nezithandwayo kwimbali yonke yesayensi.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokufunyanwa kwale nzulu yile zonke izimvo zakhe ebezingafane zicingwe ziyinyani. Omnye wabo umzekelo ukuba ubunzima bomzimba bonyuka ngesantya. Nangona kunjalo, lo mlinganiswa odumileyo wayengumfundi ombi ebutsheni bakhe. Njengomntwana wayengumntwana othuleyo kunye nozifunayo kwaye wayenokuphucuka kwengqondo. Xa wayemdala, u-Einstein ngokwakhe wathi konke oku kuhamba ngokukhawuleza ekudalweni kwakhe kwimbono yobudlelwane. Oko kukuthi, ngokutsho kwakhe, uninzi lwabantu luqala ukuqwalasela iingxaki zesithuba kunye nexesha besebancinci. Ngenxa yophuhliso lwayo olucothayo, akazange aqale ukubuza umbuzo malunga nexesha lokuphumla ade abe mdala. Le mibuzo yayiyimvelaphi yethiyori yolwalamano.
Sele ngo-1894 usapho lonke luphela lunengxaki yemali ebangele ukuba bafudukele eMilan. U-Einstein wahlala eMunich ukuze akwazi ukugqiba izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphakamileyo. Wayenabantwana abaliqela ogama linguHans Albert noEduard, abazalwa ngokulandelelana ngo-1904 nango-1910. Emva kwexesha uEinstein waqhawula umtshato neqabane lakhe waphinda watshata umzala wakhe uElsa.
Ithiyori yolwalamano
Imisebenzi emi-5 yoluntu ngo-1905. Omnye wabo wakhonza ukufumana ubugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseZurich kwaye i-4 eseleyo yayiya kugqibela ngokubeka utshintsho olukhulu kumfanekiso obonelelwa yisayensi kwindalo iphela. Kwaye kukuba le misebenzi ibonelela ngenkcazo yethiyori ngokweenkcukacha-manani zesindululo seBrownian. Banikezela nokutolikwa kwesiphumo sefoto. Ukulungiselela le nto, yayisekwe kwinto yokuba ukukhanya kwenziwa nge-quanta nganye. Kwi-physics yamva ezi quanta zabizwa ngokuba ziifotoni.
Imisebenzi emibini eseleyo yileyo eyabeka iziseko zethiyori yolwalamano. Kulethiyori, ukulingana phakathi kwamandla emilinganiselo ethile yobunzima kunye nobunzima bayo kusekwe. Olu lubalo oludumileyo E = mc². Kuba umsebenzi wabo kunye nophando babenomzamo omkhulu emva kwawo, kwabangela ukuba babekwe phakathi kweyona physicist ibalaseleyo kuyo yonke iYurophu. Emva kwexesha kuxa ukwamkelwa koluntu lokwenyani kufikelela ku-Albert Einstein kwaye kunjalo Wanikwa imbasa kaNobel kwiFizikiki, awayifumana ngo-1921.
Ithiyori yobudlelwane izama ukucacisa ezinye izinto ezingahambelaniyo nomxholo wokuhamba. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuvela kwale ithiyori kuye kwaba sisiseko seenzululwazi zomzimba. Ikwayinto ekubhekiswa kuyo ephambili enceda ukubonisa umanyano olubalulekileyo lwento namandla, indawo kunye nexesha, kunye nokulingana phakathi kwemikhosi yomxhuzulane kunye neziphumo zokukhawulezisa kwinkqubo.
Le ngcamango ineendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala yayisaziwa njengethiyori ekhethekileyo yokuhambelana kwaye ijongana nazo zonke ezo nkqubo Hambisa isihlobo omnye komnye ngesantya esingaguquguqukiyo. Enye ibizwa ngokuba yithiyori yokuhambelana ngokubanzi kwaye inoxanduva lokuchaza ezo iinkqubo ezihamba ngesantya esiguqukayo. Kukulesi santya siguqukayo apho ukukhawulezisa kuziswa khona.
Ithiyori yokudibanisa ka-Albert Einstein
Kuyaziwa ukuba kwimithetho ye-physics iyafuneka enokudibanisa zonke iinkcazo zeenkqubo zombini kunye nentshukumo ezinzileyo engazinzanga ngoku. Ngesi sizathu, yonke imisebenzi ka-Albert Einstein ijolise ekufezekiseni ithiyori ngokubanzi yokuhambelana. Eyona nto iphambili kule ithiyori yile Umxhuzulane awunyanzelekanga kodwa ngumhlaba owenziwe bubukho besisindo kwisithuba sexesha lesithuba.
Emva kwexesha ngo-1919 udumo lwakhe lwamazwe aphesheya lakhula, lwamenza ukuba andise iinkomfa zokufikelela kwihlabathi liphela. Umfanekiso wakhe njengomnye wabahambi beklasi yesithathu kaloliwe naye wathandwa. Wayedume ngokuhamba naphi na ephethe ivayolin phantsi kwengalo yakhe. Kwaye enye yezinto azithandayo yayidlala ivayolin.
Yonke imizamo ka-Albert Einstein kule minyaka ilishumi izayo igxile ekufumaneni ubudlelwane bemathematika phakathi kwe-electromagnetism kunye nomtsalane womxhuzulane. Eyona njongo iphambili ka-Einstein fumanisa imithetho eqhelekileyo ekufuneka ifunyenwe ngokuziphatha kwazo zonke izinto kwindalo iphela. Kwaye yayikukuba wayecinga ukuba kukho umthetho othi ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinto, nokuba zezomhlaba okanye zefizikiki yeselestiyali. Zonke ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kuye kwafuneka ukuba zihlelwe zibe yintsimi enye emanyeneyo.
Esi sazinzulu sasikhe sathi ipolitiki inexabiso elidlulayo, ngelixa i-equation isemthethweni ngonaphakade. Esi yayisisiphumo sengxaki awayenayo xa kwakufuneka ashiye iJamani aye eUnited States ngenxa yokunyuka kukaHitler kulawulo ngo-1933. Sele kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe ubukrakra bokungaphumeleli kwifomula ebonakalise ubuntu imfihlo yokuziphatha kwezinto yenza impilo yakhe yambi.
Emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lweNagasaki kunye neHiroshima yaphela iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, u-Einstein wadibanisa zonke izazinzulu ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwebhombu kwangoko kwaye waphakamisa ukusekwa korhulumente wehlabathi kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda okuninzi malunga no-Albert Einstein.