Utshintsho lwemozulu luneziphumo ezininzi ezibi kwindalo. Iintlobo, zombini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo nazo zitshintsha ngenxa yeziphumo zemozulu.
Ngamaqondo obushushu anyukayo, utshintsho kwimijikelo yendalo, ukwanda kweziganeko zemozulu ezigabadeleyo, njl. Izilwanyana ezininzi kunye nezityalo azivumelani ne-ecosystems. Ithetha ukuthini kwaye zithini iziphumo zoluhlobo oluphulukana nolungelelwaniso lwazo kunye neendawo eziphilayo?
Ubungqina botshintsho kwindalo
Kule nqaku ndiza kuthetha malunga ne-phenology, ngoko ndiza kuyichaza xa kukho ukungathandabuzeki. I-Phenology yiyo ubudlelwane phakathi kobomi bezilwanyana nezityalo njengomsebenzi wokwahluka kwexesha. Umzekelo, ukuzala okanye ukujikeleza kwendlu yentaka luphawu lwe-phenological.
URichard Fitter ngumbhali weencwadi ezininzi ezimalunga neentyatyambo, iintaka kunye nezifundo ezimanyeneyo, esaziwa njengendalo yendalo kwiminyaka ye-90. Wayehambahamba embindini wenkulungwane ephelileyo kwaye, ukuzonwabisa endaweni yeenjongo zesayensi, wayebhala phantsi umhla wokudubula kweentyatyambo. amakhulu eentlobo zezityalo, ukuhamba kwamabhabhathane ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kunye neminye imiqondiso ephawula ukuqala nokuphela kwamaxesha onyaka. Konke oku Zizinto ze-phenological zohlobo.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, unyana wakhe u-Alastair naye waba yindalo kwaye xa sele emdala, wakuqonda ukubaluleka kwamanqaku awayesenziwa ngutata wakhe. Baqulunqa enye yeerekhodi ezimbalwa ezazikhona kwi-phenology yeentlobo ezininzi. Ngexesha aqala ngalo ukujonga zonke iirekhodi, iplanethi yayisele ifudumele ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu, kwaye amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi sele sele enyukile nge-0,6 degrees kule minyaka ili-100 idlulileyo.
U-Alastair uqaphele ukuba iirekhodi ezithathwe kwii-385s zakuqala azibonisanga mzekelo uhambelanayo. Ngokuthelekisa amaxesha okudubula kwezityalo ezingaphezu kwama-XNUMX, wafumanisa ukuba zinjalo Ukuqhubela phambili umndilili weentsuku ezi-4. Ezinye iintlobo zide zaqhakaza kwiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Ngale nto, yaqala ukubonisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lwenzeka ngesantya esimangalisayo kuba, njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka, izityalo "zivakalelwa" ngentwasahlobo ngaphambili, ke ziyadubula.
Ingxelo malunga notshintsho kwi-phenology
I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ipapashe ingxelo ethetha ngobudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo nobushushu okungenani iminyaka engama-20. Kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-500 zeentaka, izilwanyana eziphila emanzini, izityalo nezinye izinto ezifundwayo, I-80% itshintshile, ngendlela umntu anokuyilindela kukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Izinto ezinje ngomhla wokuzala okanye wokufuduka, ubude bexesha lokukhula, okanye ubungakanani kunye nokuhanjiswa kwabemi kutshintshiwe.
Le ngxelo iqukumbela ngelithi, kuyo yonke le nkulungwane yama-XNUMX, utshintsho lwemozulu yengingqi, ngakumbi ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu njengeyona nto igqibayo, ibinefuthe kwiinkqubo zebhayiloji kunye nemijikelezo yazo yendalo.
Uphando olwahlukeneyo lwenziwe apho kwenziwa iinzame zokufunda ukuba ingaba ubushushu behlabathi buyalonakalisa na ubudlelwane phakathi kwezityalo nezilwanyana kwindalo enye. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kuthoba isidibanisi sokutya kunye nokusebenza kwezinye izinto ukuze ziphile kwiindawo zazo zokuhlala.
Ezinye izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zivuka kwangoko
Kukho iintlobo zeentaka ezinje ngetit enkulu (Parus enkulu) abaqala amasiko abo okuzala ngonyaka ngo-Epreli nangoMeyi. Emva kophando lwezi ntaka apho imigibe yabekwa kufutshane neendlwane zazo ukuze ikwazi ukubamba, ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa, njl. Kwagqitywa kwelokuba, emva kweminyaka eli-18 yamanyathelo (ukusukela ngo-1985 ukuya ku-2003), i-phenology ye-tit enkulu ayitshintshanga, kuba bahlala kwindlwana enye unyaka nonyaka. Singatsho ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu aluchaphazelekanga ii-chickadees. Nangona kunjalo, ichaphazele uhlobo lweemopane zebhabhathane lasebusuku (I-Operophtera brumata), kunye nezinye iintlobo ezincinci, zisebenza njengokutya kwamantshontsho e-chickadees.
Okwangoku, elona nani liphezulu lemibungu ekhoyo yamantshontsho eentshontsho Kusele iiveki ezimbini phambi konyaka ka-1985. Oku kuvuthwa kwenani leemopane kungqamene ngokugqibeleleyo nexesha lokufunwa kakhulu kwamantshontsho. Ngoku, uninzi lwee-chickadees ziyaqandusela xa ixesha lombungu liphelile. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya okulandelayo, zii-chickadees kuphela ezivuka kwangoko kuphela ezinokutya imibungu.
Iwebhu yokutya nayo ilahlekelwa sisinxibelelanisi
Akunjalo nje ukuba iintaka okanye iinundu zingavumelani, kodwa nazo amanqanaba asezantsi okutya. Inundu londla amagqabi amatsha, athambileyo emi-oki apho zikhona izindlu zokugcina iintaka. Ukuze uphile, umbungu kufuneka uqandusele kanye njengoko amagqabi eqhambuka kwaye amagqabi e-oki evula. Ukuba isinambuzane siqandusela eqandeni ngaphezu kweentsuku ezintlanu phambi kokuba iqanda liqhume, liza kulamba. Kuya kwenzeka okufanayo ukuba oku kwenzeka ngaphezulu kweeveki ezimbini kamva, kuba amagqabi e-oki azaliswe ngetannin, ayenyanyeka ngumbungu.
Kwaye kwindalo yonke into ilandelelana ngokuchanekileyo, umzuzu ofanelekileyo apho iindidi zinamathuba aphezulu okusinda. Ayizizo izinto ezisebenza ngaleyo ndlela kuba "iyalelwa" okanye "iyalelwa" ngumntu, kodwa endaweni yokuba iintlobo, izilwanyana nezityalo, zinayo le mijikelo inje, kuba kuyo yonke imbali, indaleko kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokwenza i-phenology yayo ifumane la maxesha kuba inqanaba layo lempumelelo liphezulu.
Ngotshintsho lwemozulu yonke le mijikelo itshintsha kakhulu. Iindidi ezininzi zibona ukuba amathuba azo okusinda anciphile xa kujongana nokutshintsha kwemeko kunye nezinto ezingafaniyo zemozulu. Ukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kubangela ukuqhubela phambili kwentwasahlobo kunye nemijikelezo yeentyatyambo yeentlobo ezininzi zezityalo zazo zixhomekeke kwizilwanyana ukuze zikhule. Ukuba siyarhuqa oku ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco lokutya, siyaqonda ukuba kukho uninzi lweengxaki kwi-synchrony ye-ikhosistim kunye nokuba intsalela ye-ecology eseleyo ayisebenzi njengoko kufanelekile.