Kwicandelo le-physics yenyukliya, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemitha ezikhoyo zifundwa. Kule meko, siza kugxila ekufundeni i- Imitha yegamma. Yimisebe yombane eveliswa kukubola kwe-radioactive ye-atomic nuclei. Le mitha ye-gamma ineyona radiation iphezulu kwaye iphakathi kwezona ziyingozi ebantwini, nakwezinye ii-radiation.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iimpawu, ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemitha ye-gamma.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Isishwankathelo, siza kudwelisa ezona mpawu ziphambili zemitha ye-gamma:
- Ziziqwengana ezingasenakuphumla okoko zihamba ngesantya sokukhanya.
- Kananjalo abanasibizi sombane kuba abaphambukanga ngombane kunye nemagnethi.
- Banamandla amancinci e-ionizing nangona bengena kakhulu. Imitha yeGamma yeradon banokuhamba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 cm yentsimbi.
- Ngamaza anjengokukhanya kodwa anamandla ngakumbi kune-X-ray.
- Umxube we-radioactive ofunxwe kwidlala kwaye uthintele i-gamma radiation yenza ukuba kufundwe le ndlala ngokuyifumana elunxwemeni.
Banemitha yokuphindaphindeka kakhulu kwaye yenye yezona zinto ziyingozi kwimitha yabantu, njengayo yonke imitha yelanga. Ingozi ilele kwinto yokuba ngamaza ane-eneji ephezulu enokonakalisa iimolekyuli. ezenza iiseli, ezibangela utshintsho kwimfuza kunye nokufa. Emhlabeni sinokujonga imithombo yendalo yemitha ye-gamma ekonakaleni kweeradionuclides kunye nokunxibelelana kwemitha yelanga kunye nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba; imbalwa kakhulu imitha evelisa olu hlobo lwemitha.
Iipropathi zeGamma ray
Ngokwesiqhelo, amaza ombane angaphezulu kwe-1020 Hz, ke inamandla amakhulu kune-100 keV kunye nobude obungaphantsi kwe-3 × 10 -13 m, ubuncinci kunobubanzi be-athomu. Ukudibana kubandakanya imitha ye-gamma yamandla ukusuka kwi-TeV ukuya kwi-PeV nayo ifundiwe.
Imitha yeGamma ingena ngakumbi kunemitha eveliswa zezinye iindlela zokubola kwe-radioactive, okanye ukubola kwe-alpha kunye nokubola kwe-beta, ngenxa yotyekelo oluncinci lokunxibelelana nomcimbi. Imitha yeGamma yenziwe ngeefotoni. Lo ngumahluko omkhulu kwi-alpha radiation eyenziwe nge-helium nuclei kunye ne-beta radiation eyenziwe ngee-elektroni.
Iifoto, njengoko zingenakho ukuxhotyiswa ngobunzima, zincinci ionizing. Kwezi frequency, inkcazo yeziganeko zonxibelelwano phakathi kwentsimi ye-electromagnetic kunye nomba azinakho ukungahoyi ubuchwephesha be-quantum. Imitha yeGamma yahlulwe kwimitha ye-X ngokwemvelaphi yayo. Ziveliswa kukutshintsha kwenyukliya okanye i-subatomic, nangayiphi na imeko, ngelixa i-X-reyi iveliswa kukutshintsha kwamandla ngenxa yee-elektroni ezingena ngaphakathi kumanqanaba amandla asimahla avela kumanqanaba ombane angaphandle.
Kuba utshintsho olwenziwa ngombane lunokudlula kumandla eenguqulelo zenyukliya, amandla eX-reyi yamandla aphakamileyo anokuphakama kunamaza ombane wegamma asezantsi. Kodwa enyanisweni, onke angamaza ombane, njengamaza omoya kunye nokukhanya.
Izinto ezenziwe ngombulelo kwimitha ye-gamma
Izinto ezifunekayo ukukhusela imitha ye-gamma zininzi kakhulu kunoko kufunekayo ukukhusela i-alpha kunye ne-beta amasuntswana. Ezi zinto zinokuthintelwa ngephepha elilula (α) okanye ipleyiti yesinyithi encinci (β). Izinto ezinenombolo yeatom ephezulu kunye nokuxinana okuphezulu kunokubamba ngcono imitha ye-gamma. Ngapha koko, ukuba i-1 cm yelothe iyafuneka ukunciphisa Ubuninzi bemitha ye-gamma ngama-50%, isiphumo esifanayo senzeka kwi-6 cm yesamente kunye ne-9 cm yomhlaba ocinezelweyo.
Izinto zokukhusela ngokubanzi zilinganiswa ngokobukhulu obufunekayo ukunciphisa amandla emitha kwisiqingatha. Ngokucacileyo, amandla e-photon aphezulu, ubukhulu becala lekhaka elifunekayo.
Ke ngoko, izikrini ezingqindilili ziyafuneka ukukhusela abantu, kuba imitha ye-gamma kunye ne-X-reyi inokubangela ukutsha, umhlaza kunye nokutshintsha kwemfuza. Umzekelo, kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya, isetyenziselwa ukukhusela isinyithi kunye nesamente kwindawo yokugcina iipelethi, Ngelixa amanzi anokuthintela ukusasazeka kwemitha ngexesha lokugcina intonga yamafutha okanye ukuhanjiswa okungundoqo kwento yokuphendula.
Sebenzisa
Unyango lwenyango yindlela ebonakalayo esetyenziselwa ukufezekisa inzalo yezixhobo zonyango kunye nococeko, ukususwa kokutya, izinto ezingavuthi kunye neemveliso zeshishini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwezinye iinkalo, Siza kubona kamva.
Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuveza imveliso yokugqibela epakishiweyo okanye enkulu okanye into kumandla ombane. Oku kwenziwa kwigumbi elikhethekileyo elibizwa ngokuba ligumbi le-irradiation kwimeko nganye kwaye kwithuba elithile lexesha. La maza ayangena ngokupheleleyo kwiimveliso eziveziweyo, kubandakanya iimveliso ezipakishwe ngezinto ezininzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kweCobalt 60 kunyango lwezifo zethumba yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kwilizwe lam nakwilizwe liphela ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi. Ibizwa ngokuba lonyango lwe-cobalt okanye unyango lwe-cobalt kunye kubandakanya ukubhengeza izicubu zethumba kwimitha ye-gamma.
Ukulungiselela le nto, kusetyenziswa isixhobo sonyango lwe-cobalt, exhotyiswe ngentloko exhobileyo ene-cobalt 60, kwaye ixhotyiswe ngesixhobo esilawula ukubhengeza okufunekayo kwimeko nganye ukunyanga esi sifo.
Ukusetyenziswa okokuqala kwamandla ombane we-ionisis kubuyela phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. kukho malunga ne-160 yezityalo zokukhanya kwimilambo ezisebenzayo emhlabeni, zisasazwe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30, zibonelela ngeenkonzo ezininzi kumashishini amaninzi nangakumbi.
Njengoko ubona, nangona ziyingozi, umntu uyakwazi ukusebenzisa imitha ye-gamma kwiindawo ezininzi njengoko kubangelwa ngamayeza. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemitha ye-gamma kunye neempawu zazo.