Ukuba uhlala ubona uqikelelo lwemozulu usenokuba ulivile igama iklimagram. Sisisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimeteorology ukumela ezi zinto zimbini zisetyenziswayo: imvula kunye nobushushu. I-climogram ayinanto ngaphandle kwegrafu apho ezi zinto zimbini zimelweyo kwaye amaxabiso asekiwe.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ukuba iitshathi zemozulu zisebenza njani kwaye ufunde indlela yokuzitolika? Kule posi sichaza yonke into kuwe ngokupheleleyo 🙂
Iimpawu zetshathi yemozulu
Kwigama lesayensi lichanekile ukubiza olu hlobo lwegrafu njengomzobo we-ombrothermal. Kungenxa yokuba "i-ombro" ithetha imvula kunye nobushushu obushushu. Nangona kunjalo, kuluntu ngokubanzi lubizwa ngokuba yi-climogram. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezichaza imozulu yimvula kunye namaqondo obushushu. Yiyo loo nto le mizobo ibaluleke kakhulu kwimozulu.
Idatha eboniswe kumzobo iqokelelwa kwisikhululo sezulu. Amaxabiso aphakathi amelwe inyanga nenyanga ukuba azi imeko kwaye idatha ibalulekile. Ukurekhoda imeko kunye nokuziphatha kwemozulu, idatha kufuneka babhaliswe iminyaka eli-15 ubuncinci. Ngaphandle koko ayinakuba yidatha yemozulu, kodwa idatha yemozulu.
Imvula ichaza imvula iyonke eqokelelweyo kwiinyanga ezahlulwe ngenani leminyaka. Ngale ndlela unokwazi umndilili wemvula yonyaka yendawo. Njengoko ayisoloko inetha ngendlela efanayo okanye ngamaxesha afanayo, kwenziwa umndilili. Kukho idatha engasebenziyo ukuseka ngokubanzi. Oku kungenxa yeminyaka eyome kakhulu okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, iyana kakhulu. Le minyaka ingaqhelekanga kufuneka ifundwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ukuba ukubonakala kweminyaka yemvula kakhulu kunye neminye iminyaka eyomileyo yinto eqhelekileyo okanye yokujikeleza, ibandakanyiwe kwimozulu yendawo. Ukumelwa kwamaqondo obushushu kuyahluka kancinci ngokubhekisele kwimvula. Ukuba kukho igophe elinye kuphela, amaqondo obushushu aphakathi enyangeni nganye ayanyangwa. Oku kuyongezwa kwaye kwahlulwe ngenani leminyaka. Ukuba kukho amagophe amathathu, ephezulu ingamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, eliphakathi lithetha inani elipheleleyo kwaye elisezantsi lithetha ubuncinci.
Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo
Uninzi lweetshathi zemozulu zisebenzisa isalathiso sokuqina seGaussen. Esi salathiso sijonga ukuba kukho inqanaba elithile lokoma xa intsingiselo yamaqondo obushushu ingaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini kunentsingiselo yemvula.
Ngale ndlela, iklimogram inolu lwakhiwo:
Okokuqala, i-axcissa axis apho iinyanga zonyaka zibekwe khona. Ke ine-axis emiselweyo ngasekunene apho kubekwa khona isikali seqondo lobushushu. Okokugqibela, enye i-axis emiselweyo ngasekhohlo, apho kubekwa khona isikali semvula kwaye siphindaphindwe kabini amaqondo obushushu.
Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kukho ubungqongqo xa igophe lemvula lingaphantsi kwamaqondo obushushu. Ixabiso lemozulu Kuya kufuneka babaluleke ukuze bazi ixabiso lomlinganiso. Oko kukuthi, kuya kufuneka unike enye idatha efana nesikhululo sezulu, inani elipheleleyo lemvula elinganisiweyo kunye neqondo lobushushu lonyaka eliqhelekileyo.
Indlela iitshathi zemozulu ezibonakala ngayo ekugqibeleni ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumaxabiso. Eyona ixhaphakileyo yile imele imvula ngokusebenzisa imivalo kunye namaqondo obushushu ngomgca obomvu. Le yeyona ilula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ezinzima ngakumbi. Imalunga nokubonisa imvula kunye namaqondo obushushu ngemigca eluhlaza nebomvu ngokwahlukeneyo. Iinkcukacha ezinje ngokufiphaza kunye nokufaka imibala nazo ziyongezwa. Inombala otyheli ngawona maxesha omileyo. Imigca eblue okanye emnyama ibekwa kumaxesha emvula angaphantsi kwe-1000mm. Kwelinye icala, ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iinyanga apho kunetha khona ngaphezulu kwe-1000mm zinemibala.
Ulwazi olongeziweyo
Ulwazi oluthe kratya lunokongezwa kwiitshathi zemozulu ukuba sinqwenela njalo. Umzekelo, ukongeza ulwazi oluthe kratya kunokusinceda sazi iimeko zemozulu ekufuneka zinyamezelwe zizityalo. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu xa ufaka igalelo kwezolimo.
Eyona climogram ipheleleyo ibizwa ngokuba Umzobo kaWalter-Lieth. Ibonakala ngokuba namaqondo obushushu kunye nemvula emelwe ngomgca. Inebar phantsi kweenyanga ezibonisa ukuba iqabaka livela kangaphi.
Olunye ulwazi olongezelelekileyo lo mzobo ongenalo abanye zezi:
- nT = inani leminyaka lijonga amaqondo obushushu.
- nP = inani leminyaka lijonga imvula.
- Ta = ubushushu obuphezulu ngokupheleleyo.
- T '= kuthetha ubushushu obuphezulu bonyaka.
- I-Tc = kuthetha ubushushu bemihla ngemihla obona bushushu kwinyanga.
- T = kuthetha ubushushu obuphezulu.
- Osc = oscillation oshushu. (I-Osc = iTc-tf)
- t = kuthetha amaqondo obushushu asezantsi.
- tf = kuthetha amaqondo asezantsi obushushu bemihla kwinyanga ebanda kakhulu.
- t '= kuthetha amaqondo obushushu asezantsi apheleleyo ngonyaka.
- ta = ubushushu obusezantsi ngokupheleleyo.
- tm = kuthetha ubushushu. (tm = T + t / 2 okanye tm = T '+ t' / 2)
- P = kuthetha imvula yonyaka.
- h = kuthetha iiyure zonyaka zokukhanya kwelanga.
- Hs = iqabaka ekhuselekileyo.
- Hp = kunokwenzeka iqabaka.
- d = iintsuku ezingenasithwathwa.
- Indawo emnyama kuthetha ukuba kukho amanzi agqithisileyo.
- Indawo echokoziweyo ithetha ukuba kukho ukusilela kwamanzi.
Kwigrafu ye-Thornthwaite iimpawu zemozulu zimelwe njengomsebenzi wokulinganisela komphunga wamanzi.
Izimvo zeklimogram
Xa sibona itshathi yemozulu yendawo, ukuphawula kuyo kunye nokutolika kulula. Into yokuqala ekufuneka sijonge kuyo yigophe lemvula. Kulapho sibonisa khona imvula iyonke kunye nokusasazwa kwayo unyaka nenyanga. Ukongeza, sinokufumanisa ukuba ubuninzi kunye namanqanaba asezantsi ebeyintoni.
Ngoku sijika sijonge kwikhephu lobushushu. Nguye osixelelayo amaqondo obushushu, i-oscillation yonyaka yokufudumeza kunye nokusasazwa unyaka wonke. Singakwazi ukuhlalutya ezona nyanga zishushu nezona zibanda kakhulu kwaye sithelekise amaqondo obushushu nalawo eminye iminyaka. Ngokujonga imeko esinokuthi siyazi ngemozulu yendawo.
Iklimograph yeMeditera
Isimo sezulu seMeditera sinemvula ephakathi kunye namaqondo obushushu. Ezi xabiso zimelwe kwigrafu yemozulu ukufumana umbono wedatha unyaka nonyaka. Kubonakala kakhulu ekubeni namaxabiso emvula asezantsi ngokubanzi kunyaka wonke. Ukonyuka kwemvula kunokujongwa kwiinyanga zasebusika nasentwasahlobo, kunye nezona zimbini ziphezulu ngoNovemba nangoMatshi.
Ngokubhekisele kumaqondo obushushu, athambile. Ebusika sukuwa ngaphantsi kwe-10 ° C kwaye ehlotyeni bajikeleze i-30 ° C.
Igrafu yemozulu ye-Ikweyitha
Kwelinye icala, ukuba sihlalutya imozulu yommandla weikhweyitha, sifumana idatha eyahlukileyo. Amaxabiso emvula aphezulu enyakeni, njengobushushu. Uyakwazi ukuqaphela ubuninzi bemvula engaphezulu kwama-300mm kwaye iqondo lobushushu liyagcinwa izinzile unyaka wonke malunga ne-25 ° C.
Imozulu yeTropiki
Kule meko, sifumana imozulu yemvula eninzi, kunye nezona zininzi zifikelelwe ngoJuni nangoJulayi. Ezi ncopho zemvula zibangelwa ziimvula ezikhoyo kule mozulu: iimonso. Ngexesha leemonons zasehlotyeni zenzeka ezishiya ngasemva amanqanaba aphezulu emvula.
Ngokumalunga nobushushu, ihlala izinzile unyaka wonke malunga ne-25 ° C.
Ilizwekazi lesimo sezulu
Singahlalutya ityala elahlukileyo kunangaphambili. Kolu hlobo lwemozulu amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunalawo angaphambili. Ebusika zingaphantsi kweqanda kwaye ehlotyeni azifikeleli kuma-30 ° C. Kwelinye icala, imvula ikulawulo oluqhelekileyo.
Iigrafu zemozulu zase-Oceanic
Apha sifumana amaxabiso emvula asezantsi kakhulu kunye neqondo lobushushu eliguqukayo. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ziya zifudumala. Nangona kunjalo, ziyehla kakhulu kwiinyanga zasebusika. Ngokuqhelekileyo yimozulu eyomileyo.
Climagram yePolar
Olu hlobo lwemozulu lwahluke ngokupheleleyo kolunye. Kukho amanqanaba ambalwa emvula kwaye uninzi lwawo lukwimo yekhephu kunye nomkhenkce. Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu unyaka wonke, kangangokuba bahlala ixesha elide ngaphantsi kweedigri zero.
Kule mozulu, imvula ibonelela ngolwazi oluninzi malunga "nembali" yendawo. Xa kuwa ikhephu, liyaqokelelana, lenze umaleko womkhenkce. Kuwo wonke amawaka eminyaka yokuqokelelana, kungafunyanwa ii-ice cores ezisibonisa imbali yendawo kuyo yonke le minyaka. Ukuqokelelana okukhulu kwekhephu kungenxa yamaqondo obushushu angavumeli ukuba anyibilike.
Uyenza njani itshathi yemozulu
Kule vidiyo ungafunda inyathelo ngenyathelo ukuba ungayenza njani itshathi yemozulu yendawo:
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngalo lonke olu lwazi ungahlalutya kakuhle imozulu yayo nayiphi na indawo emhlabeni. Kuya kufuneka uyeke ukuthelekisa amanqanaba emvula kunye nobushushu ukuze wazi, ngokubanzi, imozulu yendawo. Nje ukuba sizazi ezi zinto zixabisekileyo, sinokungena kwezinye ezinje ngemimoya kunye noxinzelelo lomoya.
Kwaye wena, wakhe wambona itshathi yemozulu?