Iqela Ihydroxyl Yeyona iqulethe iathom yeoksijini kunye neathom yehidrojeni kwaye ifana nemolekyuli yamanzi. Inokufumaneka kwiindidi zeekhemikhali ezinje ngeqela, ion okanye i-radical. Kubo bonke abo bantu bafunda i-organic chemistry, ukwazi ukusabela kunye nokubaluleka kweli qela leeathom kubalulekile. Kwaye iyakwazi ukwenza amaqhina abalulekileyo kunye neathom yekhabhoni, nangona inokwenza nesulphur kunye nephosphorus.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neempawu zeqela le-hydroxyl kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi-organic chemistry.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Xa sihlalutya iqela lehydroxyl ngokwembono yekhemistri engaphiliyo siyabona ukuba ithatha inxaxheba ngakumbi njenge-ion. Ngamanye amagama, uhlobo lweleyisi olukhoyo phakathi kwayo kunye nesinyithi alukho covalent, kodwa ionic. Ngenxa yoku, iqela lehydroxyl liye laba yinto ebalulekileyo enceda ekuchazeni iipropati kunye notshintsho lweekhompawundi ezininzi.
Iqela le-hydroxyl liqhotyoshelwe kwi-radical echazwe cunobumba R ukuba ngaba yi-alkyl okanye unobumba u-Ar ukuba ubumnandi. Into endiyazi kakhulu ngesayensi yinto enegalelo kwiqela lehydroxyl kwimolekyuli ebopha kuyo. Eyona mpendulo ifumaneka kuphononongo lwayo. Kwaye kukuba iiproton zinokuhluthwa ziziseko ezomeleleyo zenze iityiwa. Oku kunokuphinda kudibane namanye amaqela angqonge adityanisiweyo omnye komnye ziibhanti zehydrogen. Ukongeza, eyona nto ibalulekileyo malunga neqela lehydroxyl kukuba, naphi na apho ikhoyo, inokumela ummandla onokubakho wokuyilwa kwamanzi.
Ubume beqela lehydroxyl
Iqela le-hydroxyl liye laba yi-molecule enomdla ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-organic chemistry. Imolekyuli yamanzi imile ngendlela emboxo kwaye ijongeka njenge-boomerang. Ukuba sisike esinye seephelo, oko kuthetha into efanayo nokususa iproton, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zinokwenzeka. Imolekyuli yamanzi uguqulwe waba yi-hydroxyl radical okanye i-hydroxyl ion. Nangona kunjalo, zombini zinemigca yejometri yomgama kwaye azikho zombane.
Zonke ezi bhondi zibangelwa kukuba zijolise kwiiathom ezimbini ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala zilungelelanisiwe ngalo lonke ixesha. Okufanayo akunjalo ngee-orbitals ze-hybrid. Isitshixo seqela lehydroxyl ukuvumela iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo ukuba zixubane enye nenye zifuna iibhondi zehydrogen. Ezi bhondi ze-hydrogen azomelelanga ngokwazo, kodwa njengoko inani lemithombo kunye nenani lamaqela ehydroxyl kulwakhiwo luyanda, iziphumo ziyanda. Olu konyuka kwinani le-hydrogen bond lukwabonakaliswa kwiipropathi ezibonakalayo zekhompawundi.
Iibhondi ze-Hydrogen zifuna ukuba ii-athomu zihlangane. Kukho iiathom zeoksijini zeqela elinye lehydroxyl ekufuneka zilungiswe ngendlela enokuthi ivelise umgca othe ngqo ngehydrogen yeqela lesibini. Oku kunzima ngakumbi kodwa kwenzeka rhoqo. Ngale ndlela, ulungiselelo oluthile lomhlaba luvela njenge kwenzeka ntoni ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lwemolekyuli ye-DNA. Oku kwenzeka phakathi kweziseko ze-nitrogenous ezenza iDNA.
Singabiza inani lamaqela ehydroxyl ulwakhiwo ngokuthe ngqo kulwalamano lwamanzi kwimolekyuli. Siza kwenza umzekelo ukuze siyiqonde ngcono. Iswekile, nangona inesakhiwo se-hydrophobic carbon, kuba inenani elikhulu lamaqela e-hydroxyl, iyenza inyibilike kakhulu emanzini.
Ions kunye nemisebenzi yazo
Iqela lehydroxyl kunye neion ziyafana kodwa zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zemichiza. Ihydroxyl ion sisiseko esomeleleyo kakhulu kwaye isebenza ngokubamba iiproton. Ukuba siyayinyanzela, inokujika ibe ngamanzi. Kwaye le yimolekyuli engaphelelanga yamanzi ehlawuliswe kakubi kwaye ifuna iproton ukuyigqiba. Kwelinye icala, ukusukela iqela lehydroxyl akukho mfuneko yokufaka iiproton ukuyigqiba iziphatha njengesiseko esibuthathaka kakhulu. Iyakwazi ukunikela ngeeproton nangona isenza ngokuchasene neziseko ezinamandla kakhulu.
I-nuclei efanelekileyo zii-atom ezikwiimolekyuli ezinengxaki yokunqongophala kwe-elektroniki ngenxa yesimo sazo sombane.
Iqela le-Hydroxyl kunye nemeteorology
Siyazi ukuba isebenza njengoluhlobo lwesicocisi emoyeni esidiliza ezinye iigesi. Siyazi ukuba iqela le-hydroxyl lolona lawulo luphambili lwe-methane. Imethane yegesi yirhasi eluhlaza eluhlaza egqithileyo kuphela kugxino icarbon dioxide kwigalelo layo kufudumalo lwehlabathi. Nangona igesi yemethane ifunyanwa kwindawo encinci emoyeni, iyakwazi ukugcina ubushushu obukhulu kunecarbon dioxide.
Kukho uphando olutsha olukhokelwa li-NASA emva koogqirha elibonise ukuba ii-hydroxyl radicals ziyaziphinda Bayakwazi ukugcina uxinzelelo lwasemoyeni rhoqo. Olu xinzelelo lugcinwa ngokuhamba kwexesha nokuba ukuphuma kwemethane kuyanda. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda indima yehydroxyl kubalulekile ukuqonda ubomi obuluncedo bemethane kunye nomoya ojikelezayo.
Oososayensi bachaze ukuba ukonyuka koxinzelelo kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yemethane kunokubangela ukuba isixa seeradrikhsyl radicals siphele kwihlabathi liphela. Ngale ndlela, ubomi obuluncedo bemethane buya kuthi bude, ingxaki eya kuthi yongeze ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngokwenza ubude beemethane ixesha elide, ngekhe sibe nanto yokucoca umoya. Imithombo ephambili yehydroxyl kunye ne-methane kunye nendlela abasabela ngayo ziye zaqwalaselwa. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona eli qela kwenzeka emva kokuba i-methane idilikile kwaye ihlengahlengiso phambi kwezinye iigesi. Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Hydroxyl kuzinzile ngokuhamba kwexesha. Akufuneki zinyamalale xa zisabela kwimethane.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neqela le-hydroxyl kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.