Emantla ntshona eNaples, sifumana supervolcano Campi Flegrei. Ekupheleni kuka-2016 iqela lamazwe ngamazwe le-geologists lapapasha isifundo esothusayo. Nangona ibingenamsebenzi phantse iminyaka engama-500, ixesha lokugqibela yayingo-1538, UCampi Flegrei ubonakalisa imiqondiso yokuba uyavuka. Kubantu abangazi ukuba yintoni i-supervolcano, yintaba-mlilo enkulu kunesiqhelo, kodwa amandla ayo entshabalalo makhulu. Ngapha koko, eYurophu, iNtaba iFlegrei yeyona volcano inezona ndawo zinkulu.
I-caldera ye-volcano yenziwa kwiminyaka engama-39.000 eyadlulayo, kwaye iyeyona ntaba-mlilo inkulu eyenzeka kwiminyaka engama-200.000.. Olunye ulungelelwaniso, nangona lungaqinisekanga kwaye zininzi ngakumbi iithiyori ezahlukileyo, ubudlelwane phakathi kokuqhuma kweCampi de Flegrei kunye nokupheliswa kwehomo yaseNeanderthal. I-supervolcano efana neCampi de Flegrei ayisiyiyo nayiphi na enye, iintaba-mlilo zinkulu kangangokuba zinokuwela zodwa, zidale imimandla ebanzi yeekreyiti, igiza, umsebenzi wehydrothermal kunye nesulfuric acid. Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone eUnited States ngumzekelo omhle.
Kunjani kwaye bazinikele kwisifundo sayo?
ICampi Flegrei inezikrweqe ezingama-24, kunye nothotho lwezakhiwo zentaba-mlilo (uninzi lwazo lurharhile kulwandle lweMeditera). I-200.000 iminyaka edlulileyo, Kudala ngaphambi kokuba i-caldera yangoku yenziwe, kwaqhuma intaba-mlilo. Isifundo esapapashwa ngo-2010 ziingcali ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago siyangqina ukuba lo msitho wakhokelela kubusika benyukliya. Ngothuthu oluthintela ukukhanya kwelanga kangangeminyaka, kuye kwaqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-3,7 yezigidi zezigidi zeelitha zelitye elinyibilikileyo zanyuka zaya kumphezulu ngexesha lolo dubulo. Ukukhupha isixa esikhulu seasidi yesalfuremsi emoyeni.
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngelo xesha, uGiuseppe de Natale, ovela kwiZiko leLizwe lase-Itali le-Geophysics kunye ne-Volcanology, ukuba ezi zinto zezona zizodwa zinokuthelekiswa nefuthe lokuwa kwemeteorite enkulu.
I-Redondel Rojo, indawo emalunga ne-12km ububanzi. Ujikelezo oluMthubi yiVesuvius
Umphezulu ohleli kuwo ayisiyiyo eyodidi lwentaba-mlilo, ezinje ngeVesuvius, ebekwe kufutshane kakhulu neCampi Flegrei. Kodwa ithe saa, inemingxuma emininzi, njengoko sibona emfanekisweni. Yongeza loo nto IVesuvius, ibonakalisa iimpawu zomsebenzi omkhulu noxinzelelo. Sinokubona ujikeleze umhlaba, kunye nomhlaba okuwo kuLwandle lweMeditera.
Kude kube ziinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, iqela leengcali zeentaba-mlilo ezivela kwiZiko leSizwe leGeophysics, likhokelwa nguGiovanni Chiodini, lathi kuphando lwabo ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-volcano lufikelela kwindawo yayo ebalulekileyo. Kungenzeka ukuba akukho nto yenzekayo. Ezi ntlobo zeentaba-mlilo azinayo i-cone esembindini enokulinganiswa kwaye i-magma yangaphantsi komhlaba ihlala kwindawo enkulu. Kodwa oku kuboniswa ziimpawu ze-boilers ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe, Iziphumo zalo zinokuchaphazela abantu abangama-500.000 abahlala kuloo ndawo.
Njengoko iminyaka ihamba, umsebenzi noxinzelelo luyanda
Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, uCampi Flegrei uye wafumana uthotho lweziganeko. Bonisa oko iigesi zinyuka ziye phezulu ngomlinganiselo osoloko usanda. Abasemagunyeni base-Italiya waphakamisa inqanaba lokulumkisa ngo-2012 ukusuka eluhlaza ukuya emthubi. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukusuka kwindawo ezolileyo, umsebenzi ubekwe esweni. Ngaba abemi bayo kufuneka baphume? Hayi, ngokokutsho kweChiodini, kuyakufuneka silinde ukubona ukuba yonke into ikhula njani kwaye iyakuba yintoni indlela yebhoyila. Kodwa kukungxama ukulindela kwangaphambili ukuba kuya kudubula nini, ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokwenza njalo. Okwangoku, ewe, kukho ubungqina obucacileyo bento ebingabhalwanga. Iziphumo ezinokuthi zibange olo dubulo kukujonga kakhulu izinto ezinokwenzeka ekugqibeleni.
Siza kuqhubeka nokujonga imicimbi ezayo. Ndiyathemba ukuba iindaba azidluli nje ekuthetheni ukuba kule minyaka idlulileyo kuye kwakho into ethe kratya kunesiqhelo. Ngaphandle koko, inqanaba lentlekele elinokufikelela kuyo, sinokucinga kuphela ngamagama eengcali eziye zafunda iziphumo zazo ngaphambili.
Ngaphandle kweveki