Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngomnye woososayensi abaphawule ngaphambi nasemva kwihlabathi le-physics. Imalunga ne UWerner Karl Heisenberg. Wayengumcinga kunye nefizikisi yemvelaphi yaseJamani ephuhlise imisebenzi ethile ngokubaluleka okukhulu kwihlabathi le-quantum physics. Baziwa kakhulu ngokungaqiniseki okanye umgaqo wokungaqiniseki ozise inkqubela phambili kwi-physics.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-biography ka-Heisenberg kunye nezinto azenzayo.
UHeisenberg biography
Esi sazinzulu sazalelwa eWurzburg nge-5 kaDisemba ngo-1901. Ukusukela emncinci wayezibandakanya kwilizwe lezemfundo kuba utata wakhe wayengunjingalwazi wembali. Ukuba notitshala kusapho kwenza uHeisenberg waba nomdla kwilizwe lenzululwazi. Wafunda kwiYunivesithi yaseMunich waza waba ngugqirha ngo-1923. Uqeqesho lwakhe lwaluhamba kunye nabantu abaziwayo kwihlabathi le-physics njengoNiels Bohr.
Ngale nzululwazi ukusebenza njengomncedisi enkosi kwisibonelelo esivela kwiRockefeller Foundation. Kwakungowe-1927 awathi ekugqibeleni waqalisa ukusebenza njengonjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Apha kule yunivesithi waqalisa ukufundisa usihlalo we-physics. Nanjengoko ebengutitshala eyunivesithi, wanyusa nezifundo zakhe kunye nophando ukuze enze igalelo elithile kwilizwe lezenzululwazi.
Ndandimazi uAlbert Einstein buqu xa wayesebenza eCopenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics. Ngeli xesha wayenobunkunkqele kuphando lwakhe kwaye wenza oomatshini bematriki. Emva kophando olwahlukeneyo, oomatshini bematriki bamkhokelela kulwakhiwo lobuchwephesha bobungakanani.
Kwiminyaka kamva, ngo-1935 wayefuna ukungena kwiDyunivesithi yaseMunich endaweni kaSommerfield. Le ndoda yayidla umhlala phantsi ngelo xesha, kodwa ukumiselwa kwayo kwakuthintelwe ngamaNazi. Kwaye bachaza ukuba iHeisenberg usebenze kunye neepostulates eze ngabaphandi abangamaJuda abanjengoEinstein kunye noNiels Bohr. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka eliqela kamva wasamkela isicelo samaNazi sokuyalela ukwakhiwa kwebhombu yeatom awayeyiphethe njengomlawuli kwiziko likaKaiser Wilhem. Mhlawumbi iinzame ezimbalwa zokumisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezinokuthi zikhawuleze zivelise uqhushumbo, kodwa ulwazi lwakhe aluzange luqhubele phambili ngokwaneleyo. Ke ngoko, akakwazanga ukuyiphumeza.
Umgaqo wokungaqiniseki weHeisenberg
Le ndoda yaziwa ngalo mgaqo wokungaqiniseki owawusisiphumo sophando oluninzi. Ngalo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe njengomphandi, uninzi lwezinto aziphandayo zingakhokelela ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, nangona engakhange ayenze ngezizathu zokuziphatha. Olona phando lwakhe lubalulekileyo yayikukuqulunqwa komgaqo wokungaqiniseki. Lo mgaqo usetyenziswe ngamanye ama-physicists kude kube namhlanje.
Ukungaqiniseki komgaqo kaHeisenberg kubonisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi owona mzuzu kunye nokuma kweathom. Ngokumisela ezi postulates, wabangela ezinye iifom ezinxulumene nobukhulu, ixesha kunye namandla. Ukongeza, wakwazi ukuba nokuguqula ezinye postulates ithiyori yamandulo, ezazisekwe ngokuqiniseka physics. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iiathom ezakha izakhiwo zihamba ngokuqhubekayo, akunakwenzeka ukumisela indawo ezikuyo ngqo.
Kwelinye icala, iHeisenberg, esekwe kwi-quantum physics, ikwazile ukucacisa ubungqangi bokubukeka kweathom ye-hydrogen kunye ne-helium atom. Ngombulelo kwezi zifundo waphumelela uNobel Prize kwi-physics ngo-1932. Umsebenzi wakhe waba negalelo elikhulu kwi-astronautics oko waxela kwangaphambili ukuba ikhona i-hydrogen kumazwe amabini. Enye yazo yayiyi-orthohydrogen kwaye enye yayiyi-parahydrogen. Zombini zinento yokwenza nolwalathiso lwentshukumo ethathwa zii-nuclei zeeathom.
Ukusebenza kweEpsilon
Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, uHeisenberg wavalelwa kunye nezinye izazinzulu zaseJamani kwifama ebizwa ngokuba yiFama Hall eNgilane. Eyona njongo yokugaya yayikukufumanisa ukuba zihambele phambili kangakanani izixhobo zokwakha izixhobo zeatom. Emva kokuba kuqhushumbe ibhombu yaseHiroshima, uHeisenberg wenza intetho kwamanye amabanjwa ukuba achaze isixa ngqo se-uranium ebifuneka ukwenza ibhombu enjalo.
Kuba babebeke uninzi lweemakrofoni ezifihliweyo endlwini, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba uHeisenberg wayesazi isixa se-uranium ayifunayo ukuze enze izixhobo zenyukliya kodwa wayengafuni ukuyenza ngezizathu zokuziphatha.
Ukuthunyelwa komgaqo wokungaqiniseki
Ukuqulunqwa komgaqo wokungaqiniseki kuthetha ukuba okuthe ngqo kukuchaneka esazi ngayo indawo ekuma kuyo ipartic okanye ukungachani ngokuthe ngqo siyokwazi ukuba yintoni isantya sayo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Esi siphumo sobungakanani sididekile amaxesha amaninzi sisiphumo sombukeli. Esi siphumo sinokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibonakalayo kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba sizigcine ngaphandle kokuziguqula. Umzekelo woku yile Awunakulinganisa uxinzelelo kwivili ngaphandle kokuvumela umoya ukuba uphume. Asisoze sazi ngqo uxinzelelo lwamavili ngaphambi kokufaka umbhobho wokucoca.
Umgaqo ka-Heisenberg wokungaqiniseki ukwenze kwacaca ukuba ayinanto yakwenza nenkqubo yokujonga. Ubanga ukuba ukumiselwa yilahleko esisiseko yazo zonke iinkqubo zobungakanani nokuba ziyajongwa na okanye hayi. Kwaye sisiphumo sobabini obukhoyo phakathi kwamaza kunye nenxalenye. Ukuba kufuneka kuthiwe lo mgaqo wokungaqiniseki yenye yeefomula ezichazwe gwenxa kuyo yonke imbali kuba inefilosofi. Isetyenzisiwe njenge uvavanyo lwentando ekhululekileyo kunye novavanyo lwamathuba okumiselwa kwangaphambili. Isetyenziselwe ukucofa okanye injongo yeparapsychology.
Inqaku awalazisa ngalo ifilosofi ye-indeterminist yendlela eyaqala ngayo kwi-1927, yathetha oku kulandelayo:
"Kuqulunqo olunamandla lomthetho obangela" Ukuba siyazi ngoku ngoku, sinokuqikelela ikamva, "ayisosigqibo, kodwa sisiseko sobuxoki. Asinokwazi, ngenxa yezizathu zomgaqo, okhoyo ngoku kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zayo.
Ekugqibeleni, uHeisenberg wasweleka ngoFebruwari 1976.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neHeisenberg kunye nezinto azisebenzisileyo.