Iziphumo zenyikima ye-L'Aquila
Isifundo kunye nokwenziwa kwekhathalogu entsha ye-luminescence kwi iinyikima (ukukhanya okungummangaliso okuxeliweyo ngaphambili kunye nangexesha lokunyikima kwenyikima) kugqibe ekubeni kwiimeko ezininzi zinxulumene nemimandla yoRift, apho umhlaba wohlulwe khona. Isifundo esibhekisa kuso yayisesokugqibela ukujongana nezibane ezikhanyayo, ezichazwe ngamangqina okuzibonela kangangeenkulungwane eziqhubeka nanamhlanje ngaphandle kwengcaciso epheleleyo yesayensi.
Lo msebenzi, upapashwe ngu Iileta zoPhando ngeSeismological, iseka imigca eliqela yophando ukufumanisa indlela ezenziwa ngayo ezi zibane. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba amandla amatye angqubana omnye nomnye ngexesha lenyikima avelisa ukuphuma kombane. Oku kukhutshwa kunyuka ngokuma nkqo okanye ngokungachanekanga iimpazamo, eziqhelekileyo kwimimandla yokuphakama. Xa befika ngaphezulu, badibana nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba, bavelise ukukhanya okuvelisa ukukhanya.
Izibane ezinxulumene neenyikima ziyinyani yokwenyani, akukho mandla angaphezu kwendalo (iUFO, ubugqwirha, njl. Njl.) Ezibenza, kwaye banokuchazwa ngokwesayensi. Nangona sele ngomhla wakhe nkqu noIker Jiménez wanikezela inkqubo epheleleyo «kwiinyikima kunye nezibane».
Okokuqala yiba namathandabuzo
Enye yeengxaki ngokufunda izibane ezinxulumene nenyikima kukuba uninzi lweengxelo zinxulumene neMarginal kunye neParanormal Science. Amanye amangqina athetha ngamadangatye kunye neejethi zomsi ovela emhlabeni, amanye ngamafu akhanyayo anokuba ziiuroras, okanye imitha yomlilo wasezulwini onokuba ziimeteorite.
Kodwa iingxelo ezininzi azinakucaciswa ngokulula. Umzekelo, eNew England, indoda yayihamba nenja yayo ngenjikalanga yango-Okthobha ndeva umhlaba uqalisa ukushukuma kwaye wabona ibhola yokukhanya idlula phezu kwesilwanyana, eyaqala ukukhala.
Ukuntsokotha kwentsimi kuthetha ukuba, nangona kukho umdla omkhulu wokwazi ngakumbi malunga nokukhanya okungaqhelekanga, ayisiyondawo ifundwe kakhulu leyo kuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukwenza amalinge ngayo.
Iqela lezenzululwazi lithathe isigqibo sokuqokelela zonke iingxelo abanokuzifumana, ukusukela nge-1600 ukuya namhlanje. Bafumana iinyikima ezingama-27 eziseMelika nase-38 eYurophu, apho ukukhanya kwezikhanyiso kufanelekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ezazibonakala ziqokelelwe ngamabali angaqhelekanga.
Kwi unxweme lwasePeruviaNge-Agasti ka-2007, umlobi weentlanzi waxela ukuba isibhakabhaka sajika samfusa kangangemizuzu eliqela ngaphambi kokuba ulwandle luqalise ukushukuma. Kufuphi nase-Ebingen, eJamani, ngo-Novemba ngo-1911, owasetyhini waxela ukukhanya okuhamba emhlabeni njengenyoka kanye ngaphambi kokuba inyikima iqale.
Kwiinyikima zomhlaba ezingama-65 ezifundiweyo, ezingama-56 zenzeka kwimimandla yoRift esebenzayo. Kwaye i-63 ye-65 yenzekile kwiindawo ezinesiphelo esime nkqo, ngokuchasene nee-angles ezithambileyo ezinxulunyaniswa neempazamo ezinkulu.
Olu tyekelo lunokuchaza ukubonakala kwezibane, utsho uTheriault kunye noogxa bakhe, abanoxanduva kwelinye lamasebe ophando. Elinye ilungu leqela, uFriedemann Freund, ugqirha wamaminerali kwiziko le-NASA Ames Reseach Centre eMoffett Field, California, ukrokrela ukuba konke kuqala iziphene Iliwa, apho iiathom zeoksijini ezikhoyo kulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zamaminerali zilahlekelwa yi-elektron.
Xa amandla aveliswe yinyikima efikelela elulwalweni, ayaphula amaqhina abandakanyeka kolu luhlu, enze imingxunya yombane oqinisekileyo. Ezi imingxunya p zinokuhamba ngokuthe nkqo kumphezulu ngenxa yempazamo, zibangele amasimi ombane aluqilima anokuvelisa ukukhanya.
Ukucinezela okukhulu, indlela eya elabhoratri
Uvavanyo lwelabhoratri lubonakalisile ukuba iindawo zombane zinokuveliswa kwiintlobo ezithile zamatye ngokutyumza. Kodwa umbono kaFreund yenye yeendlela ezininzi zokucacisa ukukhanya kwezibane ezinyikima.
Ikhathalogu efunyenweyo iphakamisa ezinye izimvo zokufundwa kwezi zibane, utshilo uTheria. Umzekelo, izazinzulu zenyikima ezifunda iimpazamo ezisebenzayo ziye zakwazi ukujonga utshintsho kumbane wombane womhlaba kumaxesha adlulileyo naxa kugungqiswa.
Ngokubanzi, xa sikhangela izibane ezinxulumene nenyikima kwihlabathi liphela, sinokuthi banokusilumkisa ngeenyikima njengesilumkiso sokuqala kwenyikima.
Le nto sele inezinto zokuqala ezazisebenza njengesilumkiso ebantwini. Umzekelo kufutshane ne-L'Aquila Italia ngo-Epreli 2009 indoda yabona imitha yokukhanya okumhlophe ivela kwiikhabhathi zayo zasekhitshini kwakusasa yabeka usapho lwayo kukhuseleko. Kwiiyure ezimbini kamva, kulapho inyikima eyayitshabalalisile sonke seva ngayo.
Mhlawumbi kufanelekile ukuba sicinge ngokujolisa ngakumbi kolu hlobo lwento kwaye sithathe isigqibo ngezifundo ezigqibeleleyo ukuba zinokuba sisilumkiso sothuko.
Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe: Iinyikima ezimbini ezinamandla zibulala ubuncinci ama-75 e-China, Inyikima inyikima iPeru
Imithombo: indalo