UJohn Dalton yintshatsheli yamaNgesi, ingcali yamachiza kunye nemeteorologist owenze umahluko kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi ngenxa yokubandakanywa kwethiyori yanamhlanje. Le ithiyori yaziwa njenge Imodeli yeatomiki yaseDalton kwaye yayifanelekile. UJohn Dalton ukwaziwa ngezifundo zakhe ngokungakwazi ukwahlula imibala kwiliso lomntu. Yile ndlela siyazi ngayo le nto yokukhubazeka njengombala ongaboniyo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton eyayinayo kwisayensi.
Ibali elincinci likaDalton
Ukwazisa imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton, masiqwalasele kuqala imbali yale nzulu-lwazi kancinci. Kwaye ukuba umbono weathom waqala ngesithandi sobulumko samaGrike uDemocritus. Nangona kunjalo, le mbono yayingamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye uninzi lwezazinzulu lwayifumana iyintlekisa ngeenkulungwane nakwiinkulungwane. Ukusukela ukuba le Atomism nayo yonke intanda-bulumko yamaGrike eyayikho, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo enye ithiyori inokubaluleka okunjalo kwilizwe lezenzululwazi. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2, uJohn Dalton, Yayisekwe kwimibono yeeAtomists ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa imodeli yeathom kaDalton.
Imodeli yakhe yayisisiphumo sesigqibo awasifumana kuvavanyo olwahlukeneyo olwenziwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zegesi. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zolu phando, kunokuboniswa ukuba iiathom zikhona ngokwenene. UDemocritus khange abonise ukuba i-athomu ikho njengoko injalo. Ngale ndlela, enye yeengcamango ezibalulekileyo kwimbali ye-physics yanamhlanje yenziwe.
Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza imigaqo esisiseko yemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton.
Imigaqo esisiseko yemodeli yeatom kaAlto
- Yonke into yenziwe ngama-athomu. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke into esiyaziyo kwaye ephathekayo yenziwe zii-atom zombini kwiplanethi yethu kunye nayo yonke indalo eyaziwayo. Zonke izinto zenziwe ziiathom.
- Ii-Atom azinakwahlulwa kukungonakali. UDalton wayecinga ukuba iiathom zazingamasuntswana amancinci ngobukhulu kunento engenakonakala nangokwemichiza.
- Zonke iiathom zezinto ezifanayo ziyafana. Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba zonke iiathom ezenza uhlobo lwento zinobunzima obufanayo kunye neempawu ezifanayo. Banayo morphology efanayo kwaye bahamba ngesantya esifanayo.
- Ii-Atom zezinto ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka ngokobunzima kunye neepropathi. Yiyo le nto eyenza into nganye yahluke kwenye. Kuba zonke izinto zenziwe ngee-atom, ezi athom zineempawu ezahlukeneyo nobunzima.
- Iimpawu zenziwe ngokudityaniswa kweentlobo ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu ezahlukeneyo zeeathom. Oku kuqinisekiswa kweekhompawundi yeyona nto ibangela umahluko omkhulu kwizinto. Kwaye kunjalo, nangona ikhompawundi ineentlobo ezifanayo zeeathom, zidityanisiwe kwaye zikwimilinganiselo efanayo.
- Impendulo yamachiza kukuhlengahlengiswa kweeathom. Xa impendulo yemichiza isenzeka ayisiyiyo enye into ngaphandle kokwahlulahlula, ukumanyana okanye ukulungiswa ngokutsha kweeathom. Asithethi malunga neeathom ezitshintsha iimpawu zazo okanye ubunzima. Ii-athomu zento enye azitshintshi kwii-atom zenye into ngenxa yempembelelo yeekhemikhali. Guqula nje umbutho wakho.
Ukuqwalaselwa okongeziweyo kweModeli yeAtomic kaDalton
Nje ukuba imigaqo yemodeli ichazwe, kuye kwafuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo okongeziweyo okunokuthi kugqibe zonke iimpawu zemodeli echaziweyo. Ukongeza kule migaqo uJohn Dalton ucebise ukuba ii-atom zezinto ezisebenzisanayo ukwenza iimolekyuli zithobela umthetho wolondolozo lobunzima. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani kunye nohlobo lokuzinza kwemolekyuli lilingana nenani nohlobo lweathom yeemveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo ekuphenduleni imichiza. Oku kuyawuthobela umthetho othi into ayenziwanga okanye yonakaliswe, kodwa iyaguqulwa.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton yayinguMthetho wobukhulu obuninzi. Lo mthetho usixelela ukuba ukuba sidibanisa iiathom zezinto ezimbini, ezi athom zinokudibanisa kuphela ngokunxulumene namanani apheleleyo. Ngamanye amagama, i-athomu inokudityaniswa njengenye i-athomu, ii-atom ezimbini ezine-atom enye, ii-atom ezimbini nezinye ii-atom ezimbini, njl. Umzekelo osincedayo ukuba siqonde umthetho wokuphindaphindwa kwamanani ngulo ulandelayo: sithatha amanzi siwadibanise kumlinganiselo we-2 ukuya ku-1. Ke ngoko, akukho mlinganiso inawo kwezi zinto unokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amanzi. Oko kukuthi, asinakho ukuvelisa amanzi ukuba sisebenzisa iiathom ze-hydrogen ezi-3 kunye neeathom zeoksijini ezi-2.
Ukuze ube nakho ukunika iimpawu kwiiathom zeDalton wenze itafile yobunzima beatom. Le tafile yayiluncedo kuba yayiqulathe zonke izinto ngolandelelwano oluthile ngokusekwe kubunzima bazo. Zonke izinto kwitafile zathelekiswa nehydrogen, le yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zonke. Ke ngoko, ihydrogen yinombolo enye etafileni kwaye inenombolo yeatom 1.
Ukwamkelwa kwemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton kunye nokusikelwa umda
Kuba ezi modeli zaphula izikimu kude kube ngoko zazisekiwe, ukuvunywa kwakunzima kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton yamkelwa zizazinzulu ezininzi zexesha phantse ngokukhawuleza. Enkosi kule modeli yeatom sineziseko ezininzi zethiyori yangoku.
Izazinzulu zanamhlanje ziyazi ukuba iiathom zineentlobo ezininzi zamasuntswana amancinci anje ngeeproton, neutron, kunye neeelectron. Le ngcamango kaDalton yaba sisiseko seengcamango zekhemistri.
Ingxaki kule modeli yeatom ikwanazo iimpazamo kunye nokusikelwa umda. Kwaye uDaltón wayecinga ukuba iiathom zazo zonke izinto ziyakwazi ukuhlala zodwa, ngenxa yoko akakwazanga ukuqonda ukuba kwezinye izinto ii-athomu zikhona ezenza iimolekyuli, umzekelo kwioksijini emsulwa. Ioksijini emsulwa yenziwe ziiathom ezimbini zeoksijini. Oko kukuthi, yimolekyuli yento enye kodwa ineeathom ezimbini zeoksijini.
Enye yeempazamo eziphambili zale modeli kukuba bekucingelwa ukuba eyona nto ilula phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ihlala i-athomu yento nganye. Oku kumenze wagqiba kwelokuba amanzi ayi-HO endaweni ye-H2O.
Nangona kunjalo, imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton yaqhubela phambili kwihlabathi le-chemistry kunye ne-physics kude kakhulu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton.