Imwe yemakomo anozivikanwa kwazvo pasi rose ndiyo yellowstone volcano. Iri muYellowstone National Park muUnited States uye iri kukona yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweWyoming. Iyo volcano yakave nekukanganisa katatu mumakore apfuura mamirioni 2.1 uye ayo akaumba iyo caldera iyo inoyera angangoita 55 × 72 makiromita makumi matatu.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezvehunhu, geology uye kuputika kweiyo Yellowstone volcano.
Mhando huru
Kune akawanda matanho ezvakatangira iyo Yellowstone hotspot. Mamwe mageologist anoti yakaumbwa nekubatana kwemamiriro emunharaunda mune lithosphere uye convection mune yepamusoro jasi. Zvimwe zvinoratidza kuti yakatanga mune yakadzika mantle (mantle minhenga). Iyi nharo inofanirwa pakuonekwa kwenzvimbo dzinopisa mune rekodhi ye geological. Kupfuurirazve, kuyerera kwebasalt kweColombia kwakaonekwa kwakatenderedza nguva imwechete, zvichikonzera kufungidzira nezve kwayakatangira.
Iyo crater iri panzvimbo inopisa. Ikozvino Yellowstone hotspot iri pasi peYellowstone Plateau. Kunyangwe ichiita senge ichiyambuka nzvimbo kubva kumabvazuva ichienda kumabvazuva, iyo hotspot yakanyatso kudzika kupfuura iyo nzvimbo uye inoramba yakamira.
Mumakore ekupedzisira emamiriyoni gumi nemasere, iyo Yellowstone hotspot yakaburitsa kuputika kwechisimba kunoenderera uye mafashama ebasalt. Dzinenge gumi nembiri dzekuputika uku kwaive kwakakura zvekuti vakaiswa sekuputika kukuru. Dzimwe nguva kuputika ikoko kwaidurura magma akachengetwa nekukasira zvekuti ivhu rapamusoro rakadonhera mukamuri yemagma inosemesa, ichiita inonzi gomo rinoputika. Iko kushushikana kwenzvimbo kwemuromo. Makorokoza anoputika akaumbwa nekuputika kwekukanganisa anogona kunge akakura uye akadzika semakungwa makuru nepakati, uye anogona kukonzera nzvimbo hombe dzemakomo kuti dzitsakatika.
Iwo matangi ekare-kuru mu crater anotenderera mativi ese emuganhu weNevada-Oregon padhuze neMcDermit. Imwe yemakirati, iyo Bruno-Jabici Crater kumaodzanyemba kweIdaho, yakaumbwa makore mamirioni 10-12 apfuura, uye kuumbwa kwayo kwakasiya dota remadota 30 cm yakadzika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNebraska.
Kuputika kwegomo reYellowstone
Mumakore gumi nematanhatu apfuura, gomo reYellowstone rakaburitsa makomo gumi nemana kana kudarika. Yellowstone National Park inogara pamakomo anoputika mana (US NPS).
Minda yemakomo inogadzira kuputika kukuru zvisingaite inonzi supervolcanoes. Saka zvinotsanangurwa, iyo Yellowstone supervolcano ndiyo nzvimbo yemakomo yakaburitsa matatu ekupedzisira kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo inopisa yeYellowstone. Yakagadzira zvakare kuputika kudiki uko kwakaumba West Thumb Lake makore 174.000 apfuura.
Iko kuyerera kwemvura ichangoburwa kwakaitika makore angangoita makumi manomwe ezviuru apfuura uye kuputika kwechisimba kwakaitika kuWest Thumb Lake kumadokero kweYellowstone makore angaita mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu apfuura. Kune zvakare kuputika kweutsi. Makore gumi nemazana masere apfuura, kuputika kwemhepo kwakaumba crater yemakiromita mashanu muMary Bay kumucheto kweYellowstone Lake pakati pekereke.
Nhasi, chiitiko chekuputika chinoitika kuburikidza nemhepo zhinji dzinopisa mhepo dzakapararira mudunhu rese, kusanganisira yakakurumbira giraizi Yekare Yakatendeka, uye nehurongwa hwekuwedzera ivhu hunoratidza kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yepasi yemagma. Nekuda kwekuputika kwemakomo uye kuenderera kwe geothermal chiitiko, hombe yemagma iri pasi pechikona.
Iyo magma iri mukamuri ino ine gasi uye chete inogona kuramba ichinyungudika pasi pekumanikidza kukuru kwemagma. Kana kumanikidzwa kukaburitswa kune imwe nhanho nekuda kweimwe shanduko ye geological, chikamu chemafuro egasi akanyungudika anoumba, zvichikonzera kuti magma iwedzere. Kana uku kuwedzera kuchiunza kuburitswa kwakanyanya kwekumanikidza, kunogona kukonzera kusadzora kuita uye kunogona kukonzera kuputika gasi rine chisimba.
Njodzi yegomo redombo reYellowstone
Pakati pa2004 na2008, pakave nekuwedzera pamusoro penzvimbo yegwenga reYellowstone neinosvika 7,6 cm pagore, zvakapetwa katatu zvakapetwa pane zvakaonekwa kubvira zviyero izvi zvakatanga muna 1923. Masayendisiti kubva kuUS Geological Survey. US, Yunivhesiti yeUtah, National Park Service uye neYellowstone Volcano Observatory vakati: "Isu hatisi kuona chero humbowo hwekuti kuputika kune njodzi kuchaitika muYellowstone mune ramangwana rinotaridzika.. Nguva dzinoitika dzezviitiko izvi hadziwanzoitika kana kufungidzira ”
Zvinoenderana neongororo yakaitwa neNational Geographic Society, kuputika kukuru kunotevera kweYellowstone kunogona kuitika mune imwe yenzvimbo nhatu dzinokanganisa dzichipfuura nepaki kuchamhembe / kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero. Nzvimbo mbiri dzenzvimbo idzi dzakaburitsa mafashama emvura panguva yekupedzisira kwesvolcano, 174.000-70.000 makore apfuura, uye nzvimbo yechitatu ndiyo nzvimbo ine kutetepa kwakanyanya mumakore apfuura.
Kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakabatana
Nekuda kwekuputika kwemakomo uye tectonic yenzvimbo iyi, iyo Yellowstone crater inosangana nekudengenyeka kunosvika chiuru kusvika kumazana maviri pagore. Dzimwe nguva, kuwanda kwekudengenyeka kunorekodwa munguva pfupi.
Mukudzidza kwavo, vaongorori vakashandisa dandemutande re seismographs rakakomberedza paki kuita mepu yemagma kamuri. Mafungu anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kana vachipfuura nepakati pechinhu chinopisa, chakanyungudika zvishoma, saka unogona kuyera zvinhu pazasi. Sekuona kwakaita timu yemasayendisiti, iri magma bako rakakura: riri pakati pemakiromita maviri uye gumi nemashanu makiromita, anenge makiromita makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi matatu pakureba.
Inotambanuka ichienda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwepaki kupfuura zvimwe zvakaratidzwa uye iine musanganiswa wezvisimba uye mabota Kuziva kwedu, mepu yechikero ichi haisati yambotorwa. Nezviwanikwa izvi, vaongorori vanogona kuongorora zvirinani kutyisidzira kunounzwa nehofori dzisina kugadzikana. Yellowstone sosi huru yekupisa iri pakati pemakumi mana nemakumi mashanu emakiromita pazasi pechiso. Iyo inogona kubva kune yayo yemvura musimboti. Masayendisiti anotoziva kuti iyo magma kamuri iri pamusoro penzvimbo uye inokwevera magma mairi. Inowanikwa makiromita mashanu kusvika gumi nemana pasi pechiso uye ndiyo huni yemafuta, emadziva ekupisa uye zvimwe zvinokwezva zvakakurumbira.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Yellowstone volcano nehunhu hwayo.