Makore pamusoro peBhombai
Chidzidzo chitsva chinoburitsa pachena kuti kusvibiswa kunogadzira sei madutu anotisiya nemakore akareba, makuru uye akasimba makore. Munguva yemwedzi waNovember iyo Kuenderera kweNational Academy yeSainzi (PNAS), yakaburitsa mimwe mhedzisiro inovhara gakava refu. Dzinoratidza kuti kusvibiswa kunokanganisa sei kudziya kwepasi. Iri basa richabatsira kuvandudza kurongeka kwemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze.
Vazhinji vaongorori vakafunga izvozvo kusvibiswa kwemuchadenga inokonzeresa makore akakura, anogara kwenguva refu edutu nekuita kuti mafungu aratidzike kuve nemhepo mafungu, uye nekuburitsa kutenderera kwemukati. Muchidzidzo ichi, akaona kuti kusvibiswa, sechinhu chinoshamisa, kunoita kuti makore ave akasimba asi, neimwe nzira pane yaifungidzirwa kare, nekuderera kwehukuru hwemazai echando uye kuderera kwehukuru hwese hwegore. Uyu mutsauko unokanganisa zvakananga nzira iyo masayendisiti anomiririra makore mumamiriro ekunze.
Ichi chidzidzo chinoyananisa zvatinoona zuva nezuva neizvo zvinoratidzwa mumhando dzemakomputa. Zvekucherechedzwa zvinoratidza zvakavezwa-zvakaumbwa makore (columonimbus) yakakwira uye yakakura mumadutu masisitimu ayo ane kusvibiswa, asi iwo mamodheru haaratidzi nguva dzose convection yakasimba, nekuda kwechidzidzo ichi tinoona chikonzero nei.
Hupenyu hwakavanzika hwemakore
Anvil kana Comulonimbus makore pamusoro penzvimbo yakasvibiswa
Mienzaniso inofungidzira mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze haigadzirise hupenyu hwemakore emadutu zvakanaka, nekuti anomiririra nema equation ari nyore anotadza kupa mufananidzo uzere. Kuvaka patsva uku kwakaunza dambudziko kune vaongorori: "Kusvibisa kunokonzera makore anvil kuti agare kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvinoitika kumatenga akajeka", asi nei?
Chimwe chikonzero chingangoita kutenderedza maaerosols (zvidimbu zvidiki zvehunhu kana hunhu hwevanhu) zvinoshanda sehwaro hwemadonhwe egore kuadzikomberedza. Denga rakasvibiswa rine akawanda maerosol (utsi uye huzi) pane yakachena uye izvi zvinoshandura kuita mvura shoma yechero chikamu. Kusvibisa kunogadzira madonhwe, asi zvidiki.
Huwandu hukuru hwemadonhwe madiki anochinja hunhu hwemakore. Kwenguva yakareba zvaifungidzirwa kuti madonhwe mahombe uye madiki anotanga kuita kwecheni kunotungamira kumatambo akakura, anogara kwenguva refu pachinzvimbo chekudonha. Iwo madonhwe akareruka anokonzeresa kuti mvura yako isimuke nekutonhora uye uku kutonhora kunotora kupisa kuri mukati memadonhwe uye kunogadzira shanduko yetembiricha iyo inogadzira kusangana kwemukati. Kutenderera kwakanyanya kunoita kuti madonhwe emvura asimuke, nokudaro achivaka gore.
Asi vaongorori havawanzo cherekedza kuendesa kwakanyanya kwakanangana nemakore akakura uye akasimba munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa, zvichiratidza kuti taishaya chekufunga nezvacho.
Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, timu inoona nezve chidzidzo ichi yakafunga kuenzanisa chaiwo madutu ezhizha nemakomputa akagadzirwa nemakomputa. Iyo modhi yaisanganisira hunhu hweyakaitika yegore zvimedu pamwe nekukwanisa kucherechedza kuti iyo convection inova yakasimba kana yakapfava. Kufananidza mune ino kudzidza kwakatora mwedzi mitanhatu.
Convection haisi iyo mhosva.
Dhata dzakaunganidzwa kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzine nhanho dzakasiyana dzekusvibisa, hunyoro, uye mhepo: kumadokero kwePacific tropics, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina, nemapani makuru e Oklahoma. Dhata dzakawanikwa kubva kuDOE's (US Department of Energy) ARM Climate Research System.
Kufungidzira kwakaitwa paOlympus supercomputer kubva PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory). Iyi mienzaniso yemwedzi wemadutu yakafanana chaizvo nemakore anoonekwa, zvichitarisa kuti mamodheru akadzokororazve makore emvura zvakanaka.
Kucherekedza aya mamodheru zvakawanikwa kuti mune zvese zviitiko, kusvibiswa kunowedzera saizi, ukobvu uye hurefu hwemakore eanvil. Asi munzvimbo mbiri chete (dzinopisa neChina) ndipo panotariswa convection. Mu Oklahoma, kusvibiswa kwakatungamira kune nyoro convection. Uku kusawirirana nezvakange zvambofungidzirwa parizvino zvinoratidza kuti chikonzero chacho hachisi chekutenderera kwakasimba.
Nekuongorora zvakadzama zvimiro zvemadonhwe emvura nemakristuru echando mukati memakore, timu yekutsvaga yakagumisa kuti kusvibiswa kwakagadzira madonhwe madiki nemakristuru echando, zvisinei nekwavari.
Zvakare mudenga rakajeka, echando zvidimbu zvinorema uye zvinonaya nekukurumidza kubva kune anvil makore, zvichiita kuti zvipararire nekukurumidza. Mumatenga akasvibiswa, makristasi echando aive madiki uye akareruka kuti atonhorere, nokudaro achigadzira makore makuru, akasimba.
Mupiro wekupisa kwepasi.
Kune rimwe divi, timu yakafungidzira kuti makore edutu anobatsira sei ku kudziya kana kutonhora. Makore aya anotonhodza Pasi masikati nemumvuri wawo asi anoteya kupisa segumbeze husiku, zvichiita kuti husiku kudziye.
Tichifunga nezve mhedzisiro yekusvibisa makore emvura, tinonzwisisa kuti anogona kukanganisa huwandu hwekudziya kwekupedzisira kwakafanotaurwa nezvepasi mumakumi emakore ari kuuya. Kugadzira kumiririra kwakaringana kwemakore mumamodeli emamiriro ekunze ndiyo kiyi yekuvandudza iko kwechokwadi kwekufungidzira kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Mamwe mashoko: Iyo Cumulonimbus, Zvakakosha kutsvaga pazvinhu zvekudenga mumaguta, Mheni mheni inowedzera kusimba nekudziya kwepasi
mabviro: PNAS