Tectonic mahwendefa akakura, akaomarara zvidimbu zvePasi lithosphere izvo zvine basa rekufamba uye kumisikidzwa kwepasi redu. Hurukuro hwePasi hune maumbirwo akakura ematombo anozivikanwa setectonic plates, ayo akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda uye anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekupisa kwemukati mepasi. Kune marudzi akasiyana e tectonic plate kumativi.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zvetectonic plates uye maitiro avo.
Chimiro uye kufamba kwe tectonic plates
Cortex
Kuumbwa kweNyika kunogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Chimiro chemukati chePasi chine mitsara mitatu yakadzika, imwe neimwe iine maumbirwo ayo akasiyana uye masimba. Aya maturu anosanganisira core, mantle, uye crust. Iyo crust, iyo inoumba tectonic plates, Yakakamurwa uye inosiyana mukukora uye maitiro epamusoro.
Kufamba kwemahwendefa etectonic kuburikidza nezvizvarwa. Kuongorora kwemafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika, kunyanya seismic refraction uye kufungisisa, kwakapa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve kuumbwa kwemukati mePasi, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwenzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana kana mitsara, imwe yacho igoko rePasi.
Kuumbwa nekukora kwedombo rerudzi urwu kunosiyana zvichienderana nekuti rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzemunyanza here kana kuti dzekondinendi. Inoumbwa kuburikidza nekusiyanisa kwejasi, zvichibva mukusanganiswa kwechikamu. The oceanic crust inosiyana mukukora, pakati pe7 ne25 km, uye inonyanya kuumbwa nematombo ebasaltic. Nekune rimwe divi, iyo continental crust yakakora, inoyera pakati pe30 ne70 km, uye inoumbwa zvakanyanya nematombo eandesitic.
nguvo
Inoita 85% yehuwandu hwePasi uye inotambanukira kubva kuMoho kusvika kumuganhu pakati pejasi nepakati, nekudzika kunosvika 2.891 km.
Kutamisa kupisa kubva mukati mepakati penyika kuenda kune crust kunofambiswa nebasa rayo seyekupisa conductor. Chiitiko ichi, chinonzi convection currents, ndicho chinofambisa kufamba kwetectonic plates.
Core
Simbiso yemagnetic field inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvinorema senge simbi, nickel, vanadium uye cobalt kuburikidza nekudyidzana nekupisa kwemukati inotsigirwa neavhareji radius ye3481 km.. Mhedzisiro huru yekupisa uku inogona kuverengerwa kune maviri makuru masosi.
Kune maviri makuru manyuko ekupisa mukati mePasi: kupisa kwekutanga kunokonzerwa neplanetesimal kukanganisa uye kuburitswa kwesimba regiravhiti panguva yekuumbwa kwepasi, uye kupisa kunogadzirwa neradioactive kuora kwezvinhu zvakaita seuranium, thorium, uye potassium. Uyezve, kufamba kwemahwendefa mu asthenosphere kunobatsirawo mukupararira kwese kwekupisa mukati meNyika.
Kudyidzana pakati pemahwendefa
Kudyidzana pakati pemapuleti e lithospheric, ayo anoumba kunze kwePasi, kunoguma nenhevedzano yezviitiko zve geological zvakadai sekuputika kwemakomo, deformations of the earth crust, seismic zviitiko uye sedimentary process.
Plate motion inonyanya kukonzerwa nekupisa kwemukati kunowanikwa mukati me lithosphere. Pane zvakati wandei zvakakosha zvinokonzeresa chiitiko ichi. Iyo lithosphere inosangana nekumanikidzwa kubva pakukwira kweasthenosphere, inozivikanwa seridge push, nepo kunyura kweyaimbova oceanic lithosphere kunoshandisa simba rinonzi slab pull. Kukosha kwemasimba aya kuri mukukanganisa kwavo pachiyero chekutama kweplate uye chikamu chinowirirana cheplate margin chakabatanidzwa kune subduction zone.
Iyo yekusveta slab process inosanganisira kudzoka kweiyo subducted lithosphere, nepo rinopikisa simba rinoitwa nekukweva viscous muasthenosphere. Nekufamba kwenguva, zvidzidzo zvakakura zvakabatsira mukuvandudza nekunzwisisa kwedzidziso yeplate tectonics.
Plate tectonic theory
Dzidziso yeplate tectonics inosanganisa pfungwa yekudonha kwecontinental nemaitiro ekupararira kwepasi pegungwa, zvichigadzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwePasi rose geological phenomena. Kufamba kwemahwendefa ePasi kunofambiswa nekuwedzera kwegungwa kana continental crust inofukidza lithosphere, izvo zvinovabvumira kufamba-famba pamusoro penyika.
Mahwendefa etectonic ePasi zvikamu zvakakura zvemukati wepasi zvinofamba uye zvinodyidzana. Kupararira kweSeafloor ndiyo mhedzisiro ye convection mujasi, zvichitungamira mukuumbwa kweiyo oceanic crust pakati pegungwa mitsetse. Nekufamba kwenguva, goko iri zvishoma nezvishoma rinosimuka kubva pamutsetse. Nekufamba kwenguva, goko rinogona kunyura uye nekuparara sezvo richisangana neimwe tectonic plate.
Mazhinji ekudengenyeka kwenyika kunoparadza zvakanyanya kunoitika paPasi, nechikero cheRichter chepamusoro, vanogona kuverengerwa nekufamba kwe tectonic plates.
Tectonic plate miganhu
Plate Tectonic Theory inoronga marudzi akasiyana emiganhu yeplate mukati mechirongwa chayo. Mhedzisiro inocherechedzwa yemasimba etectonic inonyanya kutaurwa munzvimbo dzakamanikana dzekusangana, dzinozivikanwa semaplate miganhu, kunoitika kufamba. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemiganhu yeplate dzinosanganisira divergent plate miganhu.
Miganhu inochinjika, inozivikanwawo semiganhu inoparadza, ndeiya panodhumhana mahwendefa odyidzana. Iyi miganhu inogona kuiswa mumhando nhatu: oceanic-continental, oceanic-oceanic uye continental-continental. Pakusangana kwegungwa-panyika, gobvu remunyanza rinodzika pasi pendiro yekondinendi shoma, ichiita mugero uye kukonzera kuputika kwemakomo. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakusikwa kwemakomo, akadai seAndes. Oceanic-oceanic convergence inoitika apo mahwendefa maviri egungwa anodhumhana, zvichiguma nokuumbwa kwezvitsuwa zvinoputika, zvakadai seJapan nePhilippines.
Pakupedzisira, kuwirirana kwekondinendi-kondinendi kunoitika apo mahwendefa maviri ekondinendi anodhumhana, zvichikonzera kushanduka kukuru uye kuumbwa kwemakomo, akadai seHimalayas. Kudhumhana pakati pemahwendefa eIndia neEurasia kwakakonzera makomo makuru eHimalaya. Iyi miganho inotenderera ine simba uye inogara ichigadzira nzvimbo yePasi kwemamiriyoni emakore.
Miganhu inoparadza, inozivikanwawo semiganho inotenderera, inoitika kana goko richiparara sezvo ndiro imwe inodzika pasi peimwe. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kudzoreredza goko, sezvo mahwendefa anouya pamwechete uye imwe inonyura pasi peimwe. Nzvimbo inoitwa plate subduction inonzi mugero. Convergence inogona kuitika pakati peiyo oceanic nendiro yekondinendi, mahwendefa maviri egungwa, kana mahwendefa maviri ekondinendi.
Kana mahwendefa maviri enyanza akaungana pamwe chete nenzira inozivikanwa seoceanic-oceanic convergence, ndiro imwe inowanzodzika pasi peimwe, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwegoronga. Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuonekwa muMariana Trench, iyo inotarisana neMariana Islands.
ari Conservative miganhu, inozivikanwawo semiganho yekushandura, Zvinoitika kana goko rePasi richipinda mutserendende pakati pemahwendefa pasina zvisikwa kana kuparadzwa. Nzvimbo yeMediterranean-Alpine, iri pakati peEurasian neAfrica mahwendefa, inoumba muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wechiitiko ichi. Zvimedu zvidiki zveplateti, zvinozivikanwa semamicroplates, zvakaonekwa mukati medunhu rino.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mipendero ye tectonic mahwendefa uye maitiro avo.