Yedu mhepo ine akaturikidzana mairi mune magasi akasiyana ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana. Chikamu chega chega chemuchadenga chine mashandiro uye hunhu hwacho chinoita kuti chisiyane nezvimwe.
Tine iyo troposphere inova iyo yakatetepa yemuchadenga yatinogara uye mune zvese zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvinoitika, iyo stratosphere inova iyo denderedzwa remuchadenga mune iyo ozone layer iri, iyo mesosphere uko magetsi ekuchamhembe anoitika uye iyo thermosphere iri pamuganhu wedenga uye uko tembiricha yakanyanya kukwirira. Mune ino posvo isu ticha tarisa pane iyo stratosphere uye kukosha kwayo kune hupenyu hwepasi redu.
Stratosphere hunhu
Iyo stratosphere iri pakakwirira ye anenge 10-15 km kumusoro uye inosvika kusvika kungangoita 45-50 km. Iyo tembiricha iri mu stratosphere inosiyana seinotevera: kutanga, inotanga kugadzikana (sezvo ichiwanikwa panzvimbo dzakakwirira padyo nechinopisa nzvimbo apo tembiricha inoramba yakafanana) uye yakadzika kwazvo. Sezvatinowedzera mukukwirira, tembiricha ye stratosphere inowedzera, nekuti inotora mwenje unowedzera uye wezuva. Hunhu hwe tembiricha mu troposphere inoshanda inopesana nezvinoitwa netroposphere yatiri kugara, ndiko kuti, panzvimbo pekudzikira nehurefu, inowedzera.
Mu stratosphere hapana kana kumeso kufamba kwemhepo, asi mhepo dzakatwasuka dzinogona kazhinji kusvika 200 km / h. Dambudziko nemhepo iyi nderekuti chero chinhu chinosvika kune stratosphere chakapararira mupasi rese. Muenzaniso weiyi maCFC. Aya magasi anoumbwa neklorini uye fluorine anoparadza ozone layer uye anopararira mupasi rese nekuda kwemhepo yakasimba kubva ku stratosphere.
Iko hakuna chero makore kana mamwe mamiriro ekunze mune iyo stratosphere. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vanowanzo nyonganisa kuwedzera kwetembiricha ye stratosphere nekuswedera kwayo kuzuva. Zvine musoro kufunga kuti padyo neZuva, rinova rinopisa. Zvisinei, iyi haisi iyo nyaya yeiyo. Mu stratosphere isu tinogona kusangana ozone layer yakakurumbira. Dura re ozone pacharo harisi "dura" pacharo, asi inzvimbo yemuchadenga umo kukosheswa kweiyi gasi kwakanyanya kudarika kumwe mhepo yakasara. Mamolekemu eOzone ane basa rekutora mwaranzi yezuva iyo inotirova isu zvakananga kubva kuzuva uye inobvumidza hupenyu pasi pano. Aya mamorekuru anonaya mwaranzi yezuva ultraviolet anoshandura iro simba kuita kupisa uye, nekudaro, ndosaka tembiricha ye stratosphere ichiwedzera mukukwirira.
Nekuti iripo nguva yekumira imomo mweya wakadzikama kwazvo uye pasina mafungu emhepo, kuchinjaniswa kwezvimedu pakati pe troposphere ne stratosphere ingangoita zero. Nechikonzero ichi hapana kana mvura yemvura iri mu stratosphere. Izvi zvinoreva kuti makore ari mu stratosphere anongogadzira chete kana kuchitonhora zvekuti hushoma hwemvura iriko ino nyorovera yoita makristasi echando. Iwo anonzi echando kristaro makore uye haakonzere kunaya.
Pakupera kwe stratosphere ndiyo stratopause. Inzvimbo yemuchadenga uko yakakwira ozone kuwanda kunopera uye tembiricha inova yakasimba kwazvo (anenge 0 degrees centigrade). Iyo stratopause ndiyo iyo inopa nzira kune mesosphere.
Sekuda kuziva, chete makemikari makemikari ane hupenyu hwakareba ndeaya anogona kusvika kune stratosphere. Zvino hongu, kana vachinge varipo, vanogona kugara kwenguva yakareba. Semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvinoburitswa nekuputika kukuru kwemakomo zvinokwanisa kugara mu stratosphere kweanenge makore maviri.
Iyo ozone rukoko
Iyo ozone rukoko haigare iine kuenzana kweiyi gasi kure nazvo. Mune stratosphere, kuumbwa uye kuenderera kuparadzwa kweozone kunoitika panguva imwe chete. Kuti ozone igadzire, mwaranzi yezuva inofanirwa kuputsa oxygen molecule (O2) kuita maatomu maviri eoksijeni (O). Imwe yemaatomu aya kana ichisangana neimwe oxygen molecule inoita inogadzira ozone (O3).
Aya ndiwo maumbirwo eozone mamorekuru. Nekudaro, zvakasikwa, sekusikwa kwavakaitwa, vanoparadzwa nemwaranzi yezuva. Iwo mwenje wechiedza unobva kuzuva unowira paozone molekemu uye ndokuiparadza zvakare kuti ipe kumutsa kune oxygen molecule (O2) uye oxygen oxygen atomu (O). Iye zvino maatomu eoksijeni anoita neimwe ozone molecule kuita maviri mamorekuru eoksijeni, zvichingodaro. Iko kutenderera kwechisikigo kuri muchiyero pakati pekuumbwa nekuparadzwa kwemamorekuru eozone. Neiyi nzira, iri gasi remagasi rinogona kupinza huwandu hwakawanda hwemwaranzi inokuvadza yeultraviolet uye inotidzivirira.
Izvi zvave zvakadaro kwenguva yakareba. Kutenderera uko iko kukanganiswa kweozone kwaichengetwa pakadzikama uye nekugara kwakanangana nekufamba kwenguva. Nekudaro, pane imwe nzira yekuparadza ozone mudenga. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dzakadzikama kwazvo mumhepo uye nekudaro dzinogona kusvika kune stratosphere. Aya magasi ane hupenyu hwakareba hwakareba, asi kana achinge asvika pa stratosphere, mwaranzi ye ultraviolet kubva kuZuva inoparadza mamorekuru, zvichipa chlorine radicals iyo inoshanda kwazvo. Aya ma radicals anoshanda anoparadza mamolekemu eozone, saka huwandu hweozone hunoparadzwa hwakazara kupfuura hwakakonzerwa. Nenzira iyi, muyero uripo pakati pechizvarwa nekuparadzwa kwemakemone mamorekuru anokwanisa kutora mwaranzi yezuva inokuvadza kwatiri yaputswa.
Mhedzisiro yegomba muozone layer
Nehurombo, munguva yakapfuura iyi nhaurwa yakanga isingazivikanwe mune zvakadzama kudaro, zvekuti mumabasa evanhu (kushandisa chlorofluorocarbon aerosols) vakakwanisa kusvika ku stratosphere yakawanda chlorine uye bromine iyo inoparadza ozone mamorekuru. Nekuti iko kuita kunoda mwenje uye kuumbwa kwemvura ine polar pane tembiricha yakadzika kwazvo, mwero wakaderera weozone unoitika muchirimo cheAntarctica uye mafomu emakomba eakone, kunyanya pamusoro peAntarctica. Makomba aya e-ozone anokonzera mwaranzi yakawanda ye ultraviolet kuti isvike pasi peNyika uye nekuchimbidza kunyungudika.
Muvanhu, kudzikisira kweiyo ozone layer zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwezviitiko zvegomarara reganda nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemwaranzi yezuva inosvika kwatiri. Zvirimwa zvinokanganiswawo, kunyanya izvo zviri kukura uye zvine husina kusimba uye husina kugadzirwa madzinde nemashizha.
Mhedzisiro yendege mu stratosphere
Ndege zvakare dzakakanganisa stratosphere, nekuti inowanzo bhururuka pakakwirira pakati pegumi negumi nemaviri km, ndiko kuti, padyo nechinomira uye kutanga kweiyo stratosphere. Sezvo traffic yemhepo yakura, kuburitswa kwe carbon dioxide (CO10), mhute yemvura (H12O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) uye soot zvakawedzera kumhepo pakati peiyo yepamusoro troposphere uye yepasi stratosphere.
Nhasi, ndege dzinongokonzera pakati pe2 ne3% yepasi rose kupisa. Izvi hazvisi zvekukosha zvakanyanya maererano nekudziya kwepasi chero. Zvisinei, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha pamusoro pendege ndezvekuti gasi dzavanoburitsa dzinoita kudaro muchikamu chepamusoro chetroposphere. Izvi zvinokonzera kuti mvura mhute yakaburitswa iwedzere mikana yekuumba cirrus makore ayo anochengetedza kuwanda kupisa paPasi uye anobatsira mukudziya kwepasirese.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo nitrogen oxides inoburitswa nendege ine njodzi zvakare, sezvo iine hukama nekutsakatika kweozone mu stratosphere. Isu tinofanirwa kufunga kuti kunyangwe magasi ekupfumisa anoburitswa nendege asina hupenyu hwakareba kusvika mu stratosphere, vanogona kudaro, nekuti vari kusunungurwa pakureba padhuze padyo nayo.
Stratosphere zvido
Iyi nharaunda yemuchadenga ine zvimwe zvinoda kutishamisa. Pakati pezvido izvi ndezvi:
- Kuwanda kwemhepo iri 10% pasi kuti pamusoro penyika
- Tembiricha munzvimbo dzepazasi dzakatenderedza -56 madhigirii paavhareji uye mhepo dzemhepo dzinosvika makiromita mazana maviri paawa.
- Kune mitsara inova nechokwadi kuvapo kwemadiki madiki kugara mu stratosphere. Tupukanana utwu tinofungidzirwa kuti twakabva muchadenga. Iwo mabhakitiriya spores, akanyanyisa kusagadzikana zvipenyu izvo zvinogona kuumba dziviriro yakaturikidzana zvakakomberedza uye nekudaro zvinorarama kune yakaderera tembiricha, yakaoma mamiriro uye akakwirira mwero yemwaranzi inowanikwa mu stratosphere.
Sezvauri kuona, mamiriro ekunze ane mabasa makuru kwatiri uye nezvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara mupasi redu. Iyo stratosphere ine chimwe chinhu chakakosha kuti tirarame uye kuti, kunyangwe iri mamaira akakwirira, isu tinofanirwa kudzivirira.