La ruvara rwemashizha emiti Yagara ichidaidza vanhu kuti vashanduke, kunyanya mumiti inodonha. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi kuti sei mavara emashizha emiti achichinja uye nei izvi zvichifanira.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti sei mavara emashizha ezvirimwa achichinja uye kuti zvakakosha sei kuti vararame.
ruvara rwemashizha emiti
Mashizha mumasikirwo, kunyanya aya ari pamiti, anowanzo girini nekuti anounganidza chlorophyll, pigment inowanikwa mumachloroplasts, gore rese. Aya ndiwo chikamu chemasero ezvirimwa anobatanidzwa mukuita kwe shandisa simba rezuva kushandura carbon dioxide mumhepo uye pasi pemvura kuva shuga kuti zvinomera zvinogona kushandisa. Nekuda kweshuga idzi, zvinomera zvinogona kukura uye kunyatsorarama nekuti munzira yekuenda kuhurongwa, inoburitsa yakakosha tsvina chigadzirwa, oxygen. Iyi inzira inonzi photosynthesis.
Kugadzirwa kweChlorophyll kunoda mamiriro ekunze anodziya, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, kuti zuva rinopenya mudenga, saka mumatsutso mazuva ari mapfupi uye kuwanda kwechiedza kunoderedzwa, izvo zvinoshandura mukuderedzwa kwekugadzirwa kweiyi pigment. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mashizha ezvirimwa zvinomera anorasikirwa neruvara rwegirinhi mukudonha, zvichipa nzira kune iwo mayero nemaorenji, pamwe chete nehutsvuku hwemashizha uye mamwe mavara mukuwedzera kune chlorophyll, iyo inonzi carotenoids. uye flavonoids Izvi zvinosanganisira beta-carotene, iyo inogadzira makarotsi eorenji, lutein, inoita kuti mazai ero, uye lycopene, inoita kuti matomatisi ave tsvuku.
Kana iri mashizha, mavara aya kazhinji haaonekwi nokuti chlorophyll inotonga uye neimwe nzira "inovanza" muzhizha, asi kana matsutso asvika, chlorophyll, carotenoids uye flavonoids inoderedza uye kunyange iyo yegirini pigment inoderedzawo. Ndosaka mashizha achichinja ruvara.
Pamusoro pemavara akataurwa, zvimwe zvinomera zvinogadzira mamwe maflavonoid anonzi anthocyanins ayo inogona kuita kuti mashizha aite bhuruu mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Aya mavara anoita seane basa rekudzivirira kuchiedza chezuva uye anotora chikamu mukutorwa kwemwaranzi yakawandisa.
Kuwedzera pakuchinja kugadzirwa kwepigment, miti inodonha haingochinji ruvara chete asiwo inorasa mashizha muchando, ichitorazve zvimwe zvinovaka muviri uye ichideredza kuwanda kwemuto unoyerera kumashizha. Saka kana iyo pigment yese ikatorwazve, mashizha anozopedzisira ave shava. Pane imwe nguva mukuita, ivo vachawira pasi.
Mashizha anobva achinja kuva mavara akasiyana, asi vazhinji vedu vanonyanya kushamiswa nemucheka mutsvuku wavanotora dzimwe nguva. Takatsanangura kuti sei izvi zvichiitika, asi ikozvino tinogona kukuudza kuti sei ruvara urwu ruchibuda.
Chii chinoita kuti mashizha ave akatsvuka mumatsutso?
Maererano naEmily M. Habinck weYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina, ruvara rutsvuku harungoratidzi kuchinja kwepigment, asiwo kuti muti wakadzika midzi muvhu rakaoma. Habinck akawana kuti ivhu raive rakaderera munitrogen nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha, miti yacho yaiwanzoburitsa pigment tsvuku kupfuura yakajairika. Inozivikanwa seanthocyanins, iyi pigment inodzivirira zvirimwa, maruva nemichero kubva mumwaranzi yeUV uye inodzivirira kugadzirwa kwemahara radicals.
Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, zvakawanikwa naHabinck zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti yakawedzera kugadzirwa kweanthocyanin mumiti ine mashizha matsvuku ndiko kudzivirira kwemuti kubva kuchiedza chezuva mukudonha. Kuchengetedzwa kwakawedzerwa kunopa muti nguva yakawanda yekuunganidza kudya kwakakosha, kubvisa mari yesimba yekugadzira pigment nokuti mashizha matsvuku akajeka anogara kwenguva refu.
Ipapo tinogona kuona kuti miti hazvisi zvisikwa zvisingadziviriri, zvinozvidzivirira, asi havana dziviriro kwatiri, saka ngatirambei tichivachengeta. Kuti uvabatsire pakutanga, unofanira kuvaziva. Shanyira chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pemiti inonakidza uye masango munyika.
Nzira yekuchengetedza ruvara rwemashizha emiti
Kusimba uye kusiyanisa kwemavara emashizha emiti hakukanganiswi nemwaka kana tembiricha, kusiyana nemaruva. Zvisinei, kuti uwedzere kusimba uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemavara emhando yemiti, nhevedzano yekutarisira kwekutanga inofanira kuverengwa.
Chekutanga ndechekudzivirira chirimwa kuti chisaoma kuti mashizha asatsve. Zvakare, edza kubvisa mashizha ese asina variegated kana akasiyana mavara, nekuti kana girinhi iri kutonga, chirimwa chinozopedzisira chave nemuvara iwoyo. Chechipiri, kuvapo kwemashizha ane mavara akafanana mune variegated specimens anovapa chitarisiko chisina kunaka.
Zvirimwa zvine mashizha machena, ocher uye yero zvinofanira kugamuchira zuva rakawanda sezvinobvira, asi zvisina kunanga. Izvi zvinodzivirirawo girini kuti ive iyo inotonga ruvara. Chero zvazvingava, nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivisa kurasikirwa kwemavara ndeyekuvapa fetiraiza yemvura kamwe chete pamwedzi, kunze kwechando. Inofanirawo kuyeukwa kuti fetereza yakawandisa inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, yakadai seimwe shanduko muvara wemashizha.
Zvirimwa nealgae zvine mavara akasiyana-siyana anobudisa mavara atinoona mazviri. Aya pigments ndeaya: chlorophyll-a (yakasviba girini), chlorophyll-b (girinhi), carotene (orenji), lutein (yero), anthocyanins (tsvuku, yepepuru, kana bhuruu), uye phycobilin (tsvuku). Iyo chaiyo ruvara inoratidzwa nealgae kana nhengo dzechirimwa kazhinji zvinoenderana nehukuru hweimwe kana imwe pigment kana musanganiswa wavo.
Sezvauri kuona, pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei mavara emashizha emiti anogonawo kurarama munguva inotonhora yechando. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve coloration yemashizha emiti uye maitiro avo.