Zvakaitika kwatiri zvinotiudza kuti ruvara rwegungwa inogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa nekufamba kwenguva nenzvimbo: kubva kuruvara rwegirinhi kusvika kune yakareruka girinhi kusvika kune yakasviba bhuruu, grey, uye browns. Zvinoitika kuti shanduko yemuvara wegungwa ndiyo mhedzisiro yekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvemuviri uye zvipenyu.
Muchinyorwa chino tinotsanangura zvakadzama kuti ruvara rwegungwa chii, runotsamira papi uye nei tichiriona neimwe nzira.
ruvara rwegungwa
Mvura yakachena, hongu, haina ruvara. Asi kunyange zvakadaro, kana tikatarisa pakadzika kusingasvike chiedza nyore, kunoratidzika kunge bhuruu. Ziso remunhu rine masero ayo inokwanisa kuona mwaranzi yemagetsi ine wavelengths pakati pe380 ne700 nanometers. Mukati mechikamu ichi, masaisai akasiyana anoenderana nemavara akasiyana atinoona muraraungu.
Mamorekuru emvura anotora zvirinani chiedza chinosvika kureba kwemasaisai, zvinoti dzvuku, orenji, yero, uye girinhi. Zvadaro, bhuruu chete inosara uye kureba ipfupi. Sezvo chiedza chebhuruu chisinganyanyi kubatwa, chinosvika pakadzika, zvichiita kuti mvura iite sebhuruu. Zviri pamusoro pefizikisi. Asi biology ine basa zvakare, nekuti twudiki twudiki twunonzi phytoplankton hune simba guru paruvara rwegungwa.
Biological process inobata ruvara rwegungwa
Kazhinji idiki pane tsono, idzi algae dzine sero rimwe chete dzinoshandisa mavara egirinhi kutora simba rezuva, kushandura mvura nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi kuva zvinhu zvinoumbwa nehupenyu izvo zvinoumba miviri yavo. Kuburikidza nephotosynthesis iyi, vane basa rekugadzira inenge hafu yeokisijeni iyo isu vanhu tinopedza.
Chaizvoizvo, phytoplankton inotora dzvuku uye yebhuruu mwenje wemagetsi mune inooneka spectrum, asi inoratidzira girinhi, izvo zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei mvura dzavanogara dzichiita girinhi. Kusarudza ruvara rwegungwa hakusi kungoitwa kwekunaka.
Masayendisiti anga achitarisa makungwa nerubatsiro rwema satellite kubvira 1978, uye nepo mifananidzo ine kukosha kwekunaka, inoshanda chimwe chinangwa: inogona kushandiswa kudzidza kusvibiswa uye phytoplankton. Shanduko muhuwandu hwezvinhu zviviri izvi, uye kuwedzera kana kuderera kwazvinoita, zvinogona kupawo zviratidzo zvekudziya kwepasi. Kuwanda kwe phytoplankton pamusoro pegungwa, ndiko kuwedzera kwecarbon dioxide inotorwa kubva mumhepo. Asi masayendisiti anoziva sei ruvara rwemakungwa nemakungwa?
Dzidzo yesainzi
Nzira inonyanya kushandiswa inosanganisira kushandiswa kwemasatelliti ane zviridzwa zvekuyera kusimba kwechiedza chinooneka kubva mumvura. Chiedza chezuva chizhinji chiri pedyo nepamusoro pegungwa chinotorwa nezvidimbu zvemhepo. Zvimwe zvacho zvakanyura zvakanaka kana kuparadzirwa mumvura. Asi chingangoita gumi muzana chechiedza chinobvondokera mumhepo uye pamwe chichidzokera kusatellite, iyo inoyera kuwanda kwechiedza ichi. inowanikwa mune yakasvibira kana yebhuruu ye spectrum. Makomputa anoshandisa iyi data kufungidzira huwandu hwechlorophyll mumvura. Kudzidza nezveruvara rwegungwa kwakapawo mhedzisiro yakakosha.
Gore rapfuura, vaongorori veUS vakaburitsa ongororo inoratidza izvozvo Chlorophyll mazinga mumakungwa epasi akachinja pakati pa1998 na2012. Hapana mafambiro akaonekwa muchidzidzo, asi shanduko yemavara yakanyorwa nemasatelliti yakaratidza kuti mazinga echlorophyll akadonha mumativi ekuchamhembe kwenyika uye akasimuka mumativi ekumaodzanyemba.
Izvi zvaita kuti vamwe vatende kuti nzvimbo dzakaderera-chlorophyll dzegungwa dzinozivikanwa se "marine desert" dziri kuwedzera nekuda kwekukwira kwetembiricha yemugungwa. Asi vamwe vanoti hapasati pave nedata rakakwana kuratidza kuti kudziya kwepasi kunokanganisa sei mazinga e phytoplankton mumakungwa, izvo zvinogona kushanduka zvakangoitika mumakore gumi nemashanu kana kupfuura.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti masayendisiti angada kutarisa ruvara rwegungwa kweanopfuura makore makumi mana kuti atore mhedzisiro. Ipapo ndipo patichakwanisa kuziva kana ruvara rwegungwa rwachinja uye kusvika pamwero wakadini. Saka kuziva kana vanhu vaine chero pesvedzero pamazinga eiyo plankton iripo, uye nekudaro pane kabhoni kutenderera.
Ko gungwa richava neruvara rwupi mugore ra2100?
Kudziya kwegungwa kunoshandura kutenderera kwegungwa uye chikamu chemvura yakadzika inokwira pamusoro. Phytoplankton inoda chiedza (simba rayo) uye kudya. Zvizhinji zvezvikafu izvi zvinobva pakadzika. Shanduko dzinokonzerwa nekudziya kwaita kuti kudya kushoma kunosvika pamusoro, saka phytoplankton inogona kudzikira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzegungwa.
Ruvara rwegungwa runobva pakuti mwaranzi yezuva inopindirana sei nekuumbwa kwemvura. Zvakare, mamorekuru emvura anotora rinenge zuva rose kunze kwebhuruu, saka bhuruu inoratidzwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mune kwete mvura chete mugungwa, asiwo zvinomera, microorganisms nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa. Mumwe muenzaniso iphytoplankton, ine chlorophyll, pigment yegirinhi, inotora chiedza chezuva iyo miti inoda kugadzira zvokudya. Zvakare, mazhinji echiedza chinoratidzwa ne phytoplankton chakasvibira. Ndicho chikonzero nei nzvimbo dzakawanda dzegungwa dzine ruvara rwegirini.
Zvisinei, sezvo makungwa achidziya, dzimwe phytoplankton dzinogona kutsakatika, dzimwe dzinogona kubudirira, uyezve dzimwe dzinogona kutamira kunzvimbo dzakasiyana. Tembiricha inokanganisawo kukura kwe phytoplankton. Mamwe marudzi akachinjirwa kumvura inodziya anokurumidza kupfuura mamwe anojairirwa kumvura inotonhora. Saka, munzvimbo dzine mvura inodziya, panogona kuva nekudya kwakawanda, saka pachava nekusiyana kwenharaunda mukuumbwa, nhamba, uye kugoverwa kwenharaunda dzegungwa remvura.
Mavara emuenzaniso wavakashandisa kudzidza mhindumupindu yakashandiswa kufanotaura shanduko muphytoplankton, senge algae yemunharaunda inotumbuka kana acidification yegungwa.
Ndinotarisira kuti nemashoko aya unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti ruvara rwegungwa chii uye kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoenderana nazvo.