La radioactivity Iyo chivakwa icho zvimwe zvinhu zvine zvekuzvipa zvinoburitsa simba kupinda nharaunda. Inowanzo ratidza se subatomic particles muchimiro chemagetsi emagetsi. Zvichienderana nezvaunenge uri mundima yemagetsi, inogona kuve yakakwira kana yakaderera frequency radiation. Ichi chiitiko chinokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwesimba renyukireya mune maatomu nuclei.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese hunhu, mhando uye kukosha kweiyo radioactivity.
Mhando huru
Nucleus isina kugadzikana ndeyechinhu chine radioactive inoenda pakuora. Munguva yekuora uku pane kuburitsa radioactivity kudzamara yasvika pakusimba kwesimba. Ma radioactive emweya ndeemhando yepamusoro yesimba, iyo inopa simba rakanyanya ionizing iro rinokwanisa kukanganisa zvinhu zvinova mhinduro kwavari.
Kune akatiwandei marudzi eiyo radioactivity zvinoenderana nekugamuchirwa kwayo uye nehunhu hwayo. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine radioactivity yechisikigo, inova ndiyo inowanikwa pasina kupindira kwevanhu. Kune rimwe divi, yekugadzira radioactivity ndeye iyo inogadzirwa nekupindira kwevanhu. Yokutanga inowanzoonekwa zvakasikwa muma radioisotopes. Yechipiri ndiyo chakagadzirwa radioisotopes uye supermassive zvinhu. Mazhinji ema radioisotopu anowanzoitika haakuvadzi uye anogona kushandiswa mune zvekurapa. Semuenzaniso, tine kabhoni 14 uye potasium 40. Aya ma radioisotopu anobatsira pakufambidzana zvinhu uye strata yevhu.
Kunyangwe radioactivity ine zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa kuvanhu, zvakare ine zvinokuvadza zvinogona kutungamira kurufu. Kana iyo radiation radiation iyo iyo munhu anogamuchira yakakwira, iyo mikana yekuvandudza isingachinjiki shanduko kana gomarara inowedzerwa zvisingaenzaniswi.
Natural uye chakagadzirwa radioactivity
Natural radiation inoumbwa neseti yezvinhu zvine zvakasarudzika kusagadzikana nuclei. Sezvo nuclei isina kugadzikana zvachose zvine simba, dzinoparadzaniswa zvoga uye inodzivirira radioactivity. Iyo inomiririrwa nezvinhu zveguruva repasi, mhepo uye izvo zvinouya kubva kunze kwemuchadenga. Dzakanyanya kuitika ndedzinotevera: uranium-238, uranium-235, kabhoni-14, uranium-235, uye radon-222.
Kune rimwe divi, isu tine yekugadzira radioactivity. Iyo inoumbwa neboka re radioactive zvinhu izvo zvakagadzirwa mukutsvaira mumarabhoritari nevanhu. Chinozoitwa kubhomba kweasina-radioactive zvinhu zvine nuclei senge helium atomu yekugona kuzvishandura kuita radioactive isotopu. Ma radioactive zvinhu zviri mukati mekudzika kwepasi uye zvakaunzwa kumusoro nezviitiko zvehupfumi zvakaita se ndiko kuchera uye kuchera mafuta. Ivo vanoonekwa seyakagadzirwa sezvo zvakasikwa ivo vaisagona kunge vari pasi pano.
Mazhinji ma radioactivity akagadzirwa nevanhu anokonzerwa neakanyanya uye ekugadzira zvinhu. Nuclei yezvinhu izvi inowanzoora nekukurumidza kuti igone kutanga zvimwe zvinhu.
Mhando dzeradioactivity
Kana tangopatsanura kuti ndedzipi mhando dzakasiyana dziripo zvichibva pane kwavakabva, tichaona kuti ndeapi marudzi eradioactivity aripo zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo.
Alpha nemwaranzi
Icho chidimbu chinoburitsa musimboti usina kugadzikana. Izvo zvinoumbwa nema proton maviri uye ma neutron maviri. Naizvozvo, alpha radiation inoonekwa seyakashama zvachose maatomu echando isina maerekitironi. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapurotoni maviri munyukosi yeatomu, alpha chidimbu chinopihwa mutero wakanaka. Alpha mwaranzi kana iwe waona uye wakasimbisa kuti iri shoma kwazvo inopinda uye inomira nyore nepepa. Kazhinji ine diki diki mumhepo. Mimwe mienzaniso yemaatomu anoburitsa alpha radiation iuranium-238 uye radium-226.
Beta radiation
Rudzi rwemwaranzi irwo ionizing uye rine nhanho mumhepo ingangoita mita imwe. Inogona kumiswa nepepa realuminium pepa. Munguva yechikamu chekuora kwe radioactive, elektroni inoburitswa kubva kune positron. Ose ari ekutanga enyukireya. Ichi chikonzero nei paine maviri madiki e beta radiation: beta + uye beta -. Yekutanga imo nekuda kwekubuda kwe electron yenyukireya kwakatangira nemutengo wakanaka uye wechipiri kuburitswa kwe electron yenyukireya kwakatangira uye neutron iyo inoshandurwa kuita proton.
Gamma mwaranzi
Iyo radiation yemagetsi yemagetsi. Iri simba rine simba uye rinopinda rinomiswa chete nezviri kutungamira. Uku kugona kupinda mukati kunobvumira kushandiswa kwayo muchimiro checobalt-60 mukurapa kenza munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemuviri.
Nyuturoni kubuda
Iyo mhando yeisina-ionizing radioactivity inomiswa nemvura kunyanya. Kukosha kwemwaranzi iyi ndeyekuti inokwanisa kushandura zvinhu zvisina radioactive kuita mamwe ari.
Applications
Tiri kuzoona kuti ndeapi mhando mafomu ekushandisa radioactivity ane mumunda wevanhu.
Mushonga
Radioactive isotopu inoshandiswa mukurapa kwezvinangwa zvekurapa uye zvekuongorora. Vazhinji vavo vanoshanda sevateveri kuti vaongororwe chimwe chirwere sezvo vaine hunhu hwakafanana nemaatomu ezvinhu zvisina-radioactive zvinhu. Semuyenzaniso, iodine-131 inoshandiswa mukurapa kuona kuburitsa kwemoyo uye huwandu hweplasma. Nekudaro, iko kukosha kwakanyanya kwechinhu ichi chine radioactive kugona kuyera chiitiko cheiyo gland gland. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mahormone anotakura ayodini anowanikwa mune yegland gland.
Zvesainzi uye zvedzidzo zviitiko
Radioactive zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuona zvikamu zvemafuta neutsi. Muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana siyana zvekuchera matongo, chiitiko chekabhoni-14 chinoshandiswa kuona zera remamwe mafossil. Nekuda kweiyi isotope inoitika zvakasikwa mumhepo, tinogona kufambidzana uye kuziva nhoroondo yepasi redu. Uye ndizvo isotopu iyi inosanganisirwa chete nezvinhu zvipenyu.
indasitiri
Iyo inoshandiswa kutapisa zvinhu zvekurapa, chikafu nemidziyo irimo. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa mukugadzirisa machira, isiri-tsvimbo cookware, radioactive tracers emota dzemafuta, kubviswa kwemweya une chepfu sarufa yesarufa uye nitrogen oxides, nezvimwe.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve radioactivity nehunhu hwayo.