Mamepu uye cartography hazvina kugara zvichinyatso tsanangura sezvatinazvo nhasi. Pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwemifananidzo yemazuva ano, chinhu chekutanga chakashandiswa pakufamba chaive machati epa portulan Izvi zvakadaidzwa portulan. Aya machati ekufamba-famba akave akakosha kwazvo muzana regumi nemana nemana regumi neshanu emakore kupa kukosha kwavaive nako mukutengeserana.
Muchikamu chino isu ticha tsanangura kuti chii portulan uye chii chaive kukosha kwayo munguva yakapfuura.
Chii chinonzi portulan
Aya ndiwo mamepu ekufambisa ayo aivapo munguva dzekare uye ayo akapa kukurudzira kukuru pakutengesa. Pasina magirazi satelliti akafanana neaya atinawo nhasi, kufamba kwaive kwakanyanya kuomarara. Kuitira kutakura zvinhu kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe zvakaparadzaniswa negungwa, nzira dzekumhanya dzegungwa dzaifanirwa kunge dzichizivikanwa uye zvese izvi kana kugarisana kwe portulan kwakagadziriswa.
Kunyanya mugungwa reMediterranean kuvapo kwevaPortulans yaive kiyi yekubudirira sezvo yaibvumira vafambisi vengarava kuti vazviongorore vachishandisa kambasi uye kukwanisa kuwana chinhambwe pakati pezviteshi uye zvakanyanya kukosha minda. Nezvivakwa izvi zvaibvira kuwedzera kutengeserana nekukurumidza.
Kana tikatarisa pane portulan tinoona kuti ine chitarisiko chemepu yakajairwa uye yazvino. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kuona kuti ine misiyano yakakosha. Chekutanga ndechekuti pachinzvimbo chekufananidza uye meridians vane grid raibata nemitambo yakaratidzirwa nekambasi rose. Kuunzwa kwekufananidzwa nevamiriri kwakauya mumashure nekuunzwa kwazvino cartography.
Kune rimwe divi, kunyange iri mepu yechiyero, madaro anoratidzwa mumaligi.
Mhando huru
Mamepu ekare aya pane kudhirowa kwemahombekombe egungwa mune izvo zviteshi nenzira yakatendeka kuchokwadi. Ichokwadi kuti kana iwe ukatarisa zvakanyanya iwe unogona kuona kuti tsaona dzemumahombekombe dzinowedzeredzwa sei. Nekudaro, izvi zvakaitwa nemaune kuyambira ngarava uye kungwarira pakusvika kumahombekombe.
Chimwe chiitiko chevaPortulans ndechekuti akasiyana siyana ekushongedza akawedzerwa kune dhizaini iyo yakapa geographic, zvematongerwo enyika, nhoroondo nesainzi ruzivo. Semuyenzaniso, pane dzimwe nguva apo iwe waigona kuona dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kuongororwa. Vanyori vemifananidzo vaizviita zvichibva pane zvavaitenda uye zvekufungidzira zvevakachenjera venguva iyoyo. Ndokunge, panogona kuve nenzvimbo dzakauya mukati meiyo portulano pasina hazvo kuvapo.
Aya machati ePortulan aive zvinyorwa zvehukuru hwakakosha uye hwehupfumi kukosha kwemazana emakore. Zvakanaka kune vapambi kuti vawane nzvimbo dzekubvuta kana pfuma yakavanzwa. Ivo vaionekwa sezvinhu zvine mukurumbira uye zvakanyanya kukosheswa nekushamisa kwavo uye aesthetics kwete pane yavo yecartographic kukosha. Sezvinotarisirwa, ivo vanga vasiri zana muzana, saka yavo yezera cartographic kukosha iri pasi zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa nemepu dzazvino.
Mhando dze portulan
Kune akasiyana marudzi e portulan zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yavo mavambo. Ivo vakapatsanurwa mumapoka matatu makuru maererano nenzvimbo yavakagadzirwa: isu tine veItaly, Mallorcan nePortugal Portulans. Tichazviongorora chimwe nechimwe uye toziva maitiro ayo ese.
Italian Portulan
Ndidzo dzakagadzirwa kunyanya muGenoa, Venice neRoma. Aya ndiwo machati ekare ekufamba-famba ayo achakachengetwa muNational Library yeParis. Chati chekare chengarava chinonzi Pisan Chart. Vamwe veItaly Portulans vanga vakakurumbira kwazvo vari Tsamba yaCarignano (mazuvano imwe haisati yawanikwa, inoshayikwa), pamwe nemamwe ma portulans akagadzirwa naGenese Pietro Vesconte, Beccario, Francisco Pizigano, Canepa uye hama dzaBenincasa.
Majorcan Portulans
Aya maPortulans akawedzera mamwe matsva senge nautical-geographic machati nekuda kwekusikwa kweMajorcan Jewish Funga nezvaAbrahamu. Basa rinonyanya kuzivikanwa remuJudha uyu raive mepu yepasi rese yakaitwa muna1375. Tinofanira kufunga nezvekodzero yekugadzira mepu yepasi panguva iyo ma satellite ekunyepera aisavapo kana kugona kuongororwa nehunyanzvi hwakafanana ne tine nhasi.
Iyi mepu yepasi yakagadzirwa pamatafura gumi nemaviri akavhurwa mumwe kune mumwe nemupumburu. Yanhasi yaive yakachengetwa muiraibhurari yenyika muParis. Ino inguva yekutanga kuti huwandu hwese hweruzivo hwaivepo mumakondinendi, kunyanya iyo yekuAsia, inogona kutorwa uye kuti yakasvika kuEurope nekuda kwevaongorori vakaita saMarco Polo, Jordanus nevamwe.
Portuguese Portulans
Aya mavara ekufambisa akagadzirwa zvichibva pane aMajorcan. Vakagara kwenguva pfupi vasina kupera basa apo kuwanikwa kwevaSpanish nevechiPutukezi vafambisi vengarava kwaida zvido zvakakura izvo vaPortulans vekare vaigona kutora
Munguva imwe chete iyi yenhoroondo, mamwe maPortulan machati akagadzirwawo mukati medunhu reArabhu. Aya machati akanyatso tarisa paGungwa reMediterranean. Mune imwe yadzo, yakava imwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira, dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAmerica idzo dzichangobva kuwanikwa panguva iyoyo dzichamiririrwa. Tiri kutaura nezve mepu yaPiri Reis muna 1513 (tinorangarira kuti America yakawanikwa kubudikidza naChristopher Columbus muna 1492). Mune ino portulan iwe unogona zvakare kuwana dzimwe nyika dzaive dzisati dzaongororwa asi idzo dzakatsanangurwa nekuvimbika kunoshamisa kuchokwadi.
Kubatsira kwemamepu aya kuri mukupa kumwe kushanda kukambasi. Pakufamba nenzira, zvinonakidza kuziva kwatinofanira kuenda, asi zvakatonyanya kukosha kuziva kwainoenda. Tinogona kuzvikanda isu nekombamiro yekambasi kuti tizive kwatiri uye nekwatiri kuenda. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekubatana kwekambasi uye portulan, ndizvo zvakaita kuti vafambisi vengarava vakwanise kusvika kunzvimbo dzakarongwa.
Sezvauri kuona, iyo portulan yakabatsira zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kutengeserana panguva iyoyo. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve aya mamepu emepu.