Kana isu tiri kutaura nezve akasiyana masosi enhoroondo uye zviitiko zvakaitika, isu dzimwe nguva tinokanganwa kukosha kwemamepu. Iyo nhoroondo yemifananidzo inoratidza dzidza kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kwemamepu munhoroondo yese. Mamepu akashandiswa semubatsiri pakuongorora uye ruzivo rwemaitiro enhoroondo. Nekudaro hapana chekukosha kwenhoroondo cartography yekudzidza uye kuongorora nhoroondo.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuratidza kuti ndedzipi hunhu hwecartography uye kukosha kwayo.
Zviratidziro zvezvakaitika kare zvemifananidzo
Kune akawanda madudziro eiyo chaiyo geographic yeiyo inozivikanwa nyika munhoroondo. Yeavo mumiriri wekare uye medieval kune akawanda mepu anoumba wepasirese modhi yekutaura uye kubata kwepasi kuburikidza nemepu. Pane hutatu chaihwo hunoratidzwa pamepu: ideology, graphic uye geographic. Mune ino kesi, iyo geographic ine zvese zviri zviviri zvemuviri uye zveunhu chimiro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dzinenge nzanga dzese dzakashandisa mepu sezviridzwa zvakakodzera kumiririra nyika inozivikanwa uye zvakare nyika inofungidzirwa. Nenzira iyi zvinokwanisika kuumba zvakarongeka zvakarongeka chiratidzo chevanhu nharaunda.
Munhoroondo yese, mepu dzakaonekwa kuti vamwe vaive nehunhu hwavo, vamwe vaive nehunhu chaihwo uye vamwe dzimwe nguva vaive vatorwa uye fungidziro dzakapusa dzezvavanofungidzira. Kubva kuchinyakare chiri kure kwazvo murume akanzwa kudiwa kwekugadzira mifananidzo uye mepu kuve nesvikiro rinoshanda rinoshandira kuratidza kana kuendesa ruzivo nezve izvo chaizvo zviri kuitika pasirese. Idzo nzvimbo dzakasimudzira zvakanyanya munzira yecartographic yaive 3: Mesopotamia, Girisi neRoma.
Kutenderedza 3000 BC, zvimwe zvepamusoro zvebudiriro zvakatanga kuoneka munzvimbo dzakaorera dzekiresi uye ndipo pavakaitika. yekutanga nyeredzi zvidzidzo uye necartographic kuratidzwa. Iwo ndiwo ekare maratidziro emifananidzo atinoziva. Vaive vaSumeriya nemaAkkad avo vakaita sketch yemuno. Vakagadzirawo mepu dzekare dzemaguta, nharaunda, migero kana zvivakwa. Mepu yechinyakare yakadzidzwa necartography inowanikwa pakati pegore ra 2700 na 2200 BC. Inoenderana neinonzi tablet yeNuzzi uye yaive nemaitiro ekutungamira.
Panguva iyoyo, veMesopotamiya vakafunga kuti denga nenyika zvakaumba madhishi maviri akatsetseka uye akatsigirwa mumvura.
Gungwa pamamepu emifananidzo
Inofanira kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti nhoroondo yemifananidzo, Gungwa raive chinhu chakakosha kwazvo mukuvandudzwa kwejogirafi yecartography. Nzendo, huwandu hwadzo hweshambadziro, ndidzo dzaipa ruzivo rwakakosha kwenzvimbo kumahombekombe, kuvapo kwezvinotsigisa, kutungamira kwemhepo nemiromo yenzizi, pakati pevamwe.
Apa ndipo pakawanikwa ruzivo rwakawanda kukwanisa kuita bhizimusi rekufambisa pakati pemaguta. Boka revanhu rekutanga iro raiziva kuti riite kuita kwavo hupfumi mune imwe nharaunda vaive maGreek epanzvimbo yechinyakare. Vatumwa uye ivo vakasvika pachiitiko chepamusoro sezvo makoloni mazhinji akavakwa kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweAegean Sea, kumadokero nekumaodzanyemba kwemahombekombe eGungwa Dema, kumaodzanyemba kwepeninsula yeItaly neSicily.
Kunyangwe paive neruzivo lwenzvimbo, nzira idzo maGreek aya akagadzirwa necartography dzaive dzakashata kwazvo. Historical cartography yakatarisa pakudzidza magadzirirwo akaitwa mamepu ekutanga. Kwavari, nyika yaive yakaumbwa kunge flat flat disk uye yaive yakakomberedzwa nemafashama ekukurumidza emvura yeRwizi Ocean. Miganhu yenyika panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa yaive kumabvazuva kwemahombekombe eMediterranean.
Makore gare gare, iyo nguva yechiGiriki yakaratidzirwa sezvo paive nekufambira mberi kunoshamisa mune chaiyo sainzi. Mukuvandudza uku kwesainzi yaive nekushandisa kukuru kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo. Geographic foci yaive muAlexandria, Asia Minor, uye Girisi. Munguva yechitatu nerechiXNUMX mazana emakore kwakave nekusimudzirwa kukuru munharaunda yechiitiko, kunyanya muAlexandria. Pano ndipo pakanyanya vadzidzi vakapenya veiyo chaiyo sainzi uye zvehungwaru kutsvaga vakatanga kushandisa iyo nyeredzi nzira yekutarisa kwenzvimbo. Izvi zvakapa hwaro hwakakosha hwekuyera ivhu uye nekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yecartography mukupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu.
Kukosha kweiyo nhoroondo yemifananidzo
Eratosthenes weKurene ndiye akaverenga chiyero cheMeridian yepasi. Zviri pano uye nemabatiro azvingaite kuzadzikiswa kwakapa kukurudzira kunoshamisa kune jogirafi. Kutenda uku kuverenga, kwemasvomhu uye gastronomic kudzidza kunogona kutangwa, kuunganidza ese mabasa evakatangira. Pano zvakasimbiswa kuti pasi rakanga riri guruva rine matanda maviri neequator. Dhizaini yenyika uye kumisikidzwa kwayo kwakagadzirwa pamitsara yehurefu nehurefu, ichivaparadzanisa kuita matunhu mashanu: nzvimbo mbiri dzinotonhora, dzimwe nzvimbo mbiri dzakadzikama uye inodziya nzvimbo.
Ini ndinosanganisa dhizaini iyi ine base meridian yakavakirwa pane yekuyedza modhi sezvo mitsara miviri yakayambuka paRhodes. Rhodes yaive chitsuwa icho chingave chinzvimbo checartographic uye poindi yekureva nyika yese inogarwa. Nhasi zero meridian inopfuura neLondon. Eratosthenes akakwanisa kupedzisa mepu nekudhirowa zvakafanana zvinoyambuka nzvimbo dzemutungamiri wake meridian. Izvo zvakare zvaifungisisa meridians aienderana pamwechete kana maguta ane mukurumbira. Aida kuve nekugona kushandura iyo-yemhando-yekuona kwema nzendo neimwe yemazuva ano maviri-mativi ekugadziriswa.
Iyo nhoroondo yemifananidzo yakaratidza Eratosthenes semudziviriri wekugona kwenzvimbo dzese dzakadzikama uye zvakaonekwa kuti zvaigona kuitika kubva kuHispania kuenda kuIndia pamuganhu weAfrica. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezviitiko zvinonakidza kwazvo izvo zvakatanga kukoka nhoroondo ye cartography. Gare gare muMiddle Ages, nekuzvarwa kwechitendero uye chiKristu, iko kutenda kwekuti pasi rakatsetseka kwakachinja zvese zvemifananidzo.
Nhasi, nhasi, nekuda kwema satellites isu tine maonero akazara epasi redu, saka isu tine yakanyatso rongeka mifananidzo iyo inogona kuve iripo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo nhoroondo yecartography uye kukosha kwayo.
Germán inoita seyakakosha kwandiri sezvawasvika papfungwa yekunyorwa kwemifananidzo yenhoroondo apo iwe unotaura kuti "ndiyo ine basa rekudzidza kukosha kwese uko kugadzirwa kwemepu kwaive nako munhoroondo yese, - uyezve - mukwanisi wekuongorora neruzivo rwe. maitiro enhoroondo (anotanga) kubva pakukosha kwechidzidzo kuti akwanise kudzidza nekuongorora nhoroondo kubva kwayakabva. Asi ini ndinoda kuziva zvakawanda nezve magariro ekuvaka anoitwa kuti agadzire ongororo yakavakirwa pane aya mareferensi umo isu tinogona kuona misi, nzvimbo uye yakanaka referensi yemunda unonyudzwa gwaro. Iniwo ndinodudza chinyorwa chako asi ndinoda kuchidudza zvirinani pagore, kubva pane imwe chinyorwa uye ndinoda kuwana gore raunoreva gwaro rako.