e
Munhau yose, vanhu vave vachikweverwa kuti vawane kunzwisisa kwokuoma kwakaita nyika yakatipoteredza. Pakutanga zvaidavirwa kuti zvinhu zvose zvinogona kuderedzwa kuva zvinhu zvina zvinokosha: mvura, pasi, moto nemhepo. Zvisinei, sezvo nzira dzokuedza dzakafambira mberi nekufamba kwenguva, zvakava pachena kuti chimiro chechinhu chakaoma zvikuru kupfuura zvaimbofungidzirwa. Nokudaro kudiwa kwekuronga zvinhu zvemakemikari uye tafura ye periodic. The nhoroondo yeperiodic table Inobata zvese kubva kumavambo kusvika kugadziridzo dzatinadzo nhasi.
Muchinyorwa chino tichakuudza nhoroondo yetafura yeperiodic uye nekushanduka-shanduka kwayakava nako munhoroondo yese.
Mhando huru
Iyo periodic tafura inozadzisa akawanda mabasa mumunda we chemistry. Icho chishandiso chinoronga nekuraira zvese zvinozivikanwa zvinhu zvinoenderana neatomu chimiro uye zvivakwa. Mukuita kudaro, Inobatsira vemakemikari kufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu uye maitiro avo nezvimwe zvinhu. Uyezve, tafura ye periodic inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pemuviri uye makemikari zvinhu zvezvinhu, kusanganisira nhamba yeatomu, chiratidzo, uye huremu hweatomu. Iyo zvakare yakakosha sosi yekuziva uye kudoma zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanikwa. Kazhinji, iyo periodic tafura inoramba iri chikamu chakakosha uye chakakosha chekudzidza chemistry.
Pakutanga yakagadzirwa naDimitri Mendeleev, chiremba wemakemikari weRussia muna 1869. Inonyanya kuonekwa sechizaruro chinonyanya kukosha mumunda wemakemikari. Kurongeka kwakaoma kunzwisisa kwezvinhu kwakagonesa kugona kufungidzira kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, ukuwo zvichibvumira kutsvaga kweongororo yezvidzidzo muzvimiro zvisina kumboongororwa.
The periodic table parizvino inoumbwa nezvinhu 118, izvo zvakarongwa kuita mitsetse minomwe yakachinjika inozivikanwa se "nguva" uye 18 vertical columns inonzi "mapoka." Dimitri Mendeleev, mutori wemakemikari weRussia, anoonekwa seakakosha munhoroondo yemakemikari. kunyangwe asina kumbobvira awana Mubairo weNobel. Semutero kune mipiro yake, kemikari ine nhamba yeatomu 101 patafura yeperiodic yakanzi mendelevium (Md) muna 1955.
Nhoroondo ye periodic table
Kubata kwetafura ye periodic kwaive mhedzisiro yekuunganidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwezivo uye zvakawanikwa mumakemikari. Muna 1789, Antoine Lavoisier akaburitsa rondedzero yezvinhu makumi matatu nematatu mubhuku rake rekuti Elementary Treatise of Chemistry. Muna 33, Johann Döbereiner akacherekedza kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvine makemikari akafanana.
Kare muna 1862, Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois akaronga zvinhu muronda redenderedzwa rakatenderedza humburumbira zvichibva pauremu hwawo hweatomu. Gare gare gore iroro, John Newlands akakurudzira kuti maelementi adzokorore zvinhu zvawo sereti imwe neimwe, yakafanana neoctave yemimhanzi. Pakupedzisira, muna 1869, Dimitri Mendeleev akabudisa shanduro yake yePeriodic Table, kuronga zvinhu nekuwedzera huremu hweatomu uye kusiya nzvimbo dzezvinhu zvisina kuwanikwa. Urongwa uhwu hwakabvumira Mendeleev kufanotaura zvinhu zvezvinhu izvi zvisina kuwanikwa, zvichiita kuti pave nekuwanikwa kwegallium negermanium.
Mavambo nemavambo
Mavambo engano iyi anodzokera kunguva dzekare, apo pre-Socratic philosophers vakatanga kutsanangura zvinhu zvina zvakakosha: mvura, moto, mhepo nenyika. Aya mafungidziro ekutanga akazowedzerwa naPlato naAristotle, avo vakaunza pfungwa yechishanu inozivikanwa se quintessence kana ether. Munda we alchemy, ine inotungamira manhamba Paracelsus, yakavakirwa pane idzi pfungwa uye yakaunza pfungwa dzekuchinjisa uye dzidziso yesarufa nemercury. Chinhu chitsva, munyu, chakawedzerwawo kumusanganiswa, uye kuwanikwa kwezinc kwakawedzera kuvandudza manzwisisiro edu eizvi zvakakosha zvikamu.
Muzana ramakore rechi 1817, masayendisiti mumunda wekemesitiri akatanga kupatsanura zvinhu zvichibva pane zvakagovaniswa hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari zvimiro zvavo. Mukati menhambo inobvira muna 1829 kusvikira kuna XNUMX, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yokuGermany yainzi Johan Dobereiner akaita fambiro mberi mukuronga zvinhu zvakati mumapoka ezvitatu. Mapoka aya akanzi matriad nekuda kwekufanana kwemakemikari awo. Imwe yevatatu ivavo Yakanga yakagadzirwa neklorini (Cl), bromine (Br) uye iodine (I). Dobereiner akacherekedza kuti uwandu hweatomu hwebromine hwakafanana zvinoshamisa neavhareji yehuremu hwezvose zviri zviviri chlorine neiodine.
Sezvineiwo, kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvese kuita mativi matatu hakuna kubudirira uye kuedza kwakaitwa kuti vape kurongwa kwezvikamu kwakanga kusina kukwana.
Evolution yenhoroondo yeperiodic table
Muna 1862, muFrench geologist anonzi Chancourtois akawana pateni ye periodicity pakati pezvinhu zvetafura. Makore maviri gare gare, Chancourtois akabatana naNewlands, nyanzvi yemakemikari yokuEngland, kuti vape Law of Octaves, iyo yaiti zvinhu zvinodzokororwa zvinhu zvisere zvoga zvoga. Zvisinei, Mutemo uyu waive wakaganhurirwa kune zvinhu chete kusvika kucalcium. Pasinei nekusakwana kwayo, kupatsanurwa uku kwakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetafura yeperiodic.
Pakazosvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 63, masayendisiti akanga aona zvinhu makumi matanhatu nenhatu zvakasiyana, asi kubvumirana kwakanga kusipo pakati pevekemesitiri maererano nokurongwa nokurongwa kwezvinhu izvi. Musangano wekutanga weInternational Congress of Chemists, wakaitirwa muKarlsruhe, Germany, muna 1860, wakanangana nekupindura mibvunzo iyi uye wakaratidza kuve chiitiko chakakosha.
Pamusangano uyu, Stanislao Cannizzaro, nyanzvi yemakemikari yeItaly, yakatsanangura zvakajeka pfungwa yehuremu hweatomu, inova huremu hweatomu hwechimwe chinhu. Basa ravo rakakurudzira vatori vechikamu vechidiki vatatu, William Odling, Julius Lothar Meyer, uye Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, kuti vagadzire matafura ekutanga akazara ekuronga zvinhu.
Muna 1869, Dimitri Mendeleev, nyanzvi yemakemikari yokuRussia, akabudisa tafura yake yokutanga yeperiodic yezvinhu, yakarongedzwa mukukwira kurongeka kweatomic mass. Panguva imwe cheteyo, muongorori wemakemikari wekuGermany anonzi Lothar Meyer akaburitsa tafura yake yeperiodic, asi nezvinhu zvakarairwa kubva pazasi kusvika papamusoro peatomic mass. The Tafura yaMendeleev yakagadzirwa yakatwasuka, nenzvimbo dzakachengeterwa zvinhu zvanga zvisati zvawanikwa panguva iyoyo.
Mupiro waMendeleev kumunda wekemisitiri wakanga uri shanduko yechokwadi. Akaita fungidziro uye akasiya mapundu muperiodic tafura yezvinhu zvanga zvisati zvawanikwa, kusanganisira gallium (1875), scandium (1879), germanium (1887), uye technetium (1937). Muna 1913, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yechiRungu ainzi Henry Moseley akaita zvidzidzo zveX-ray kuti aone kuchaja kwenyukireya kana nhamba yeatomu yechinhu chimwe nechimwe. Achishandisa nzira iyi, akakwanisa kuisa zvinhu muzvikamu munhevedzano yokukwira kwenhamba yeatomu, gadziriro ichiri kushandiswa nhasi.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yeperiodic tafura uye kushanduka kwayo.