El Neanderthal inozivikanwa nezita resainzi re homo neanderthalensis yaive hominid yakatanga zvakanyanya muEurope kubva makore mazana maviri nemazana maviri ezviuru apfuura kusvika makore makumi maviri nemasere apfuura. Inozivikanwa nezita rekuti Neanderthal uye kusiyana nemamwe marudzi eiyo Homo yakagadziriswa chete uye yakagara kuEuropean continent.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezveNeanderthal uye hunhu hwayo.
Kwakatangira iyo Neanderthal
Mabviro ari eEuropean chete humbowo hwakawanikwa hunoratidza kuti chizvarwa cheiyo Homo heidelbergensis, iyo yakauya kuEurope kubva kuAfrica panguva yeMiddle Pleistocene. Kune makumi emakore akati wandei aakange aine hukama, uhwo kunyange hazvo husina kujeka, neiyo Homo sapiens mukati memamiriro ekushanduka kwevanhu. Kune akawanda ongororo yemadhipoiti akawanikwa uye kune kusahadzika. Chinhu chakasarudzika ndechekuti vaive marudzi maviri akasiyana ayo, kunyangwe iwo ari enhengo imwe chete, aigara pamwe chete panguva imwe chete.
Uye ndeyekuti iyi mhando yemunhu yaive neatomical misiyano neiyo Homo sapiens. Iko kugona kwehuropi kwaive kwakakura, kunyangwe kwakakura kupfuura kweiye wemazuva ano munhu. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei kune kukahadzika pamusoro pechikonzero chekutsakatika kwayo pakati pehunyanzvi. Mufungo wakakurumbira ndeuyo unoburitsa pachena kuti vakaremerwa nenhamba ye Homo sapiens iyo yakabva kuAfrica. Isu tinoziva kuti kondinendi ino ndiyo chivakwa chevanhu sezvo iri mhando yedu yakabuda mukondinendi ino. Kubva ipapo, madzitateguru emunhu akawedzeredzwa kusvika kune imwe nyika achiuya kuzotonga zvizere. Ivo vaive vasiri voga mune yekushanduka maitiro.
Nenzira iyi, muEurope mhando dzakasiyana dzevanhu dzerudzi rumwe chete dzinogona kumuka. Neanderthal yaive nekwanisi yekuve mhando hukuru. Mhando iyo yaiburukira yaifanirwa kushandura nzvimbo yayo yekugara panguva yechando. Izvi zvakavaita kuti vatamire kumaodzanyemba nekuda kwekutonhora kwakanyanya kwakashata kwemamiriro ekunze. Kwemazana emakore pakange paine akasiyana mamiriro ekuzviparadzanisa akakonzera kukosha kwekugona kuchinjika uye kwakakonzera shanduko mune hominids.
Kana nguva yechando yapera, ivo vaive vatanga kufanana nemaNeanderthal. Apa ndipo pavachaenda kubva pakuve imwe mhando kune imwe. Akazvarwa ari Homo neanderthalensis.
Kuwanikwa kwevanhu
Kunyangwe yaive iine hupenyu hwakareba, haina kumbove nevanhu vakawanda. Inofungidzirwa kuti panguva yemazana maviri ezviuru iyo yaigara pasi, haina kudarika huwandu hwevanhu zviuru zvinomwe. Iyi inzvimbo diki kwazvo, nekuti nhasi ripi diki guta rine vakawanda vagari. Iyo nguva iyo iyi mhuka inotambura kubwinya kwayo yakaitika makore angangoita zviuru zana apfuura. Zvishandiso zvakawanikwa zvinobvumidza vesainzi kusimbisa kuti vaive nehunyanzvi hwekukwirisa kwepfungwa.
Kunyangwe vaive nevanhu vashoma, zvave zvichikwanisika kuwana zvakasarudzika zvisaririra zvinoratidza kuti zvakapararira munzvimbo zhinji dzeEuropean kondinendi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti vangadai vakasvika pakati peAsia. Hukama pakati peNeanderthal neiyo Homo sapiens dzimwe nguva zvinopesana nepfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka. Icho chokwadi chakatosiyana. Mhando yemunhu anga asiri kukura uye kuchinja nenzira yakatwasuka.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzerudzi urwu dzauya kuzogovana nyika munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye dzakagara mune dzimwe nzvimbo. VaNeanderthal vaigara muEurope, vaSapiens muAfrica uye dzimwe mhando dzakadai saHomo erectus dzakasvika kuMabvazuva.
Maitiro ekutsvagisa akashandiswa kudzidza zvakawanda nezveshiri iyi akabatsira zvikuru kuburitsa pachena kuti munhu akazviratidza sei. Ndiwo maitiro eDNA ongororo. Sapiens neNeanderthal vanozivikanwa kuti vakagara pamwe muEurope apo Sapiens akasiya Africa. Asi zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve kugara kwavo pamwe chete. Isu tinoziva kubva kuongororo iyo yakaburitswa pane iyo Neanderthal genome iyo iyezvino munhu wenyama achiri neinenge 3% yeDNA neNeanderthal. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pakanga paine kuwirirana pakati pemhando mbiri idzi, zvisinei neimwe nzira.
Kutsakatika kweNeanderthal
Mitanda pakati pemhando mbiri yakatanga kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Vanhu vemhando mbiri idzi vaivapo munzvimbo imwechete makore zviuru zana nemazana apfuura. Kutsakatika kwevaNeanderthal kuchiri kukakavadzana nevamwe vesaenzi. Kune dzimwe dzidziso, asi hapana inogona kusimbiswa seyakarurama. Dhata nyowani yaonekwa inoita senge inopfuura iyo chaiyo nguva yekutsakatika kwerudzi urwu.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakatanga kutsakatika apo Europe yakatanga kutonhodza zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwezviwanikwa. Kana chiri chikonzero chekushaikwa kwake, kune dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti dzinogona kunge dziri shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze dzatataura. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti chikonzero chekushaikwa kweNeanderthal chinogona kunge chiri chekuuya kweHomo sapiens. Iyi dzidziso haina kunyatsosimbiswa kubvira patakaona kuti paive nemichinjikwa pakati pavo.
Nechikonzero ichi, yekupedzisira inoshanda kwazvo fungidziro iri kuyedza kutsigira ndeyekuti huwandu hwevanhu veSapiens hwakava gumi rakakwira kupfuura iro revaNeanderthal. Izvi zvakakonzera kurwira zviwanikwa uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakakanganisa Neanderthal kwete maSapiens. Kune izvi tinowedzera kuyambuka pakati pezvisikwa zviviri zvinoreva kutsakatika kweiyo yapfuura.
Zvimwe zvinoda kuziva
Pakati pezvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa zvevaNeanderthal, tinowana mamwe acho anopa ruzivo rwakakwana kuti vazive hunhu hwavo. Vakashandurwa kutonhora sezvo ivo vachizofanira kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaratidzirwa neyekupedzisira nguva yechando. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakwanise kujairana nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora zvakanyanya kuti vararame. Pakati peizvi zvigadziriso tinoona kunge yakareba uye ipfupi. Mhino zvakare yakafara kuti ikwanise kutora hwema padanho rakakura.
Ivo havana kumira kunze kureba kwayo sezvo yaive nehurefu hwehurefu hwemamita 1.65.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo Neanderthal nehunhu hwayo.