Mwaranzi yezuva musiyano wakakosha wemamiriro ekunze unoshandira kuona huwandu hwe "kupisa" kwatichawana kubva kuzuva riri pamusoro penyika. Huwandu uhu hwemwaranzi yezuva huri kuchinjwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pamwe nekuchengetwa kwemweya we greenhouse.
Solar radiation inokwanisa kupisa pamusoro pevhu uye zvinhu (kunyangwe zvedu) nekutadza kudziyisa mhepo. Zvakare, uyu musiyano wakakosha kwazvo kuitira kuti tiongorore basa ratiri kuita mukurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Iwe unoda kuziva zvese nezve reza radiation?
Solar radiation inopfuura nepakati pemuchadenga
Kana tiri kumahombekombe pane rimwe remazuva anopisa ezhizha, tinorara pasi "kuzuva." Patinogara mutowel kwenguva refu, tinoona kudziya kunoita muviri wedu nekuwedzera kudziya kwawo, kudzamara tada kugeza kana kupinda mumumvuri nekuti tinotsva. Chii chaitika pano, kana mhepo isina kupisa kudaro? Zvaitika ndezvekuti mwaranzi yezuva yakapfuura nemuchadenga medu uye yakadziisa muviri wedu nekupisa kushoma kwemhepo.
Chimwe chinhu chakafanana nezvinoitika kwatiri mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndizvo zvinoitika kuPasi: Iyo mhepo inenge iri 'pachena' kune mwaranzi yezuva, asi pamusoro pePasi nemimwe mitumbi iri pairi inoitora. Simba rakatamisirwa neZuva kuPasi ndiro rinozivikanwa semagetsi anopenya kana kuti mwaranzi. Radiation inofamba ichidarika nepakati muchimiro chemafungu anotakura simba. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwesimba ravanotakura, vanoiswa muzvikamu zvemagetsi emagetsi. Isu tine mafungu ane simba senge gamma rays, X rays uye ultraviolet, pamwe neaya ane mashoma simba senge infrared, microwaves uye redhiyo mafungu.
Yese miviri inoburitsa radiation
Yese mitumbi inoburitsa mwaranzi zvichienderana netembiricha yavo. Izvi zvinopihwa na Stefan-Boltzmann mutemo iyo inotaura kuti simba rinoburitswa nemuviri rakanangana zvakananga nesimba rechina rekushisa kwaro. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei Zuva, chidimbu chinopfuta chehuni, muviri wedu pachezvangu nechidimbu chechando chiri kupenya simba nenzira inoenderera.
Izvi zvinotitungamira kuti tizvibvunze mubvunzo: sei isu tichikwanisa "kuona" mwaranzi inoburitswa nezuva kana huni inopfuta uye isu hatikwanise kuona izvo zvinoburitswa nesu, pamusoro pePasi kana chando? Naizvo, izvi zvinoenderana zvakanyanya netembiricha inosvika neumwe neumwe wavo, uye nekudaro, huwandu hwesimba ravanoburitsa zvakanyanya. Iyo yakakwirira tembiricha yemitumbi, inowedzera huwandu hwesimba ravanoburitsa mumasaisai avo, ndosaka vachizonyanya kuoneka.
Zuva riri patembiricha inosvika zviuru zvitanhatu zveK uye rinoburitsa mwaranzi kunyanya mumafungu eiyo inoonekwa renji (inowanzozivikanwa semasaisai emwenje), inoburitsawo mwaranzi (iyo ine simba rakawanda uye ndosaka ichipisa ganda redu mukufumura kwenguva refu) uye iyo yakasara iyo yainoburitsa iromayera radiation iyo isinga nzwisisike neziso remunhu. Ndokusaka isu tisingakwanise kuona iyo radiation iyo muviri wedu unoburitsa. Muviri wemunhu uri pamadhigirii makumi matatu nenomwe uye mwaranzi yainoburitsa iri mune infrared.
Ma radiation ezuva anoshanda sei
Chokwadi kuziva kuti miviri iri kuenderera ichiburitsa radiation uye simba kunounza mumwe mubvunzo kumusoro wako. Sei, kana miviri ichiburitsa simba nemwaranzi, hazvidzikire zvishoma nezvishoma here? Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu yakapusa: apo ivo vari kuburitsa simba, ivo vari kuiravirawo. Kune mumwezve mutemo, unova iwo weiyo radiative equilibrium, iyo inoti chinhu chinoburitsa huwandu hwakaenzana hwesimba sekukweva kwahwo, ndosaka vachikwanisa kuchengetedza tembiricha yenguva dzose.
Nekudaro, mune yedu yepasi-mhepo system nhevedzano yezvinoitika inoitika umo simba rinosvirwa, kuburitswa nekuratidzwa, kuitira kuti chikamu chekupedzisira pakati pemwaranzi inosvika pamusoro pemuchadenga kubva kuZuva neicho chinobuda kuenda muchadenga zero. Mune mamwe mazwi, avhareji tembiricha yegore rinoramba yakagara. Kana mwaranzi yezuva ichipinda muPasi, mazhinji acho anotorwa nePasi. Chishoma kwazvo chechiitiko che radiation chakabatwa nemakore nemhepo. Iyo yakasara ye radiation inoratidzirwa nepamusoro, magasi, makore uye inodzoserwa kunzvimbo yekunze.
Huwandu hwemwaranzi hunoratidzwa nemuviri huchienderana nechiitiko mwaranzi unozivikanwa se'albedo '. Naizvozvo, tinogona kutaura izvozvo iyo yepasi-yemuchadenga system ine avhareji albedo ye30%. Chando chichangodonha kana mamwe macumulonimbus akasimudzwa akamira padenga ane albedo padyo ne90%, nepo magwenga aine 25% uye nyanza dzakatenderedza 10% (iwo anotora angangoita iwo mwaranzi wese unosvika pavari).
Tinoyera sei radiation?
Kuyera mwaranzi yezuva iyo yatinogamuchira pane imwe nhanho, tinoshandisa mudziyo unonzi pyranometer. Ichi chikamu chine sensor yakavharirwa munzvimbo inoonekera inofambisa mwaranzi yehurefu hudiki kwazvo. Iyi sensor ine inoshandura zvikamu zvitema nezvichena zvinotora huwandu hwemwenje neimwe nzira. Iyo tembiricha kusiyanisa pakati pezvikamu izvi kunoenzaniswa maererano nemwaranzi flux (kuyerwa muma watts pamamirimita mita).
Chiyero cheuwandu hwemwaranzi yezuva yatinogashira inogona kuwanikwa zvakare nekuyera huwandu hwemaawa ezuva ratinawo. Kuti tiite izvi, tinoshandisa chiridzwa chinonzi heliograph. Izvi zvinoumbwa negirazi yegirazi yakanangana nenzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba, iyo inoshanda segirazi rakakura, ichitarisa iwo mwaranzi inogamuchirwa munzvimbo inokandiranwa inopisa chaiyo tepi tepi yakapedza maawa ezuva racho.
Solar radiation uye yakawedzera greenhouse athari
Pakutanga takataura kuti huwandu hwemwenje yezuva inopinda muPasi uye iyo inosara yakafanana. Izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi zvachose, nekuti kana zvirizvo, iyo yepasirese yepakati tembiricha yepasi redu ingave iri -88 degrees. Tinoda chimwe chinhu kutibatsira kuchengetedza kudziya kuti tikwanise kuva netembiricha inofadza uye inogarwa inoita kuti hupenyu huvepo papasi. Ndipo patinozivisa iyo greenhouse athari. Kana zuva remwaranzi richirova pasi pevhu, rinodzoka rinenge hafu kumashure kumhepo kuti riribudise muchadenga. Zvakanaka, tataura kuti makore, mweya uye zvimwe zvese zvemuchadenga zvinotora chikamu chidiki chemwenje yezuva. Nekudaro, huwandu uhwu hwakatorwa hauna kukwana kuti tikwanise kuchengetedza tembiricha yakagadzikana uye kuita kuti pasi redu rigarike. Tingaite sei kuti tigare netembiricha idzi?
Iwo anonzi magreenhouse gases ndiwo magasi ayo anochengeta chikamu chetembiricha inoburitswa nepamusoro penyika iyo inodzokera kumashure kumhepo. Greenhouse magasi ndeaya: mweya wemvura, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, methane, nezvimwe. Gesi rega rega re greenhouse rine mukana wakasiyana wekutora mwaranzi yezuva. Iyo yakawedzera kugona kwayinoita kuti itore mwaranzi, inowedzera kupisa iyo yaichachengeta uye haizoibvumidze kuti idzokere kune yekunze nzvimbo.
Munhoroondo yese yevanhu, iko kusungwa kwemagreenhouse gasi (kusanganisira akanyanya CO2) anga achiwedzera zvakanyanya. Kumuka kwekuwedzera uku kuri kukodzera shanduko yeindasitiri uye kupisa kwemafuta muindasitiri, simba uye kutakura. Kupiswa kwemafuta emafuta akadai semafuta uye marasha, kunokonzera CO2 uye methane emissions. Aya magasi mune anowedzera kubuda anokonzera kuti vachengetedze huwandu hwakawanda hwezuva nemwaranzi uye havatenderi kuti idzoserwe kunze kwekunze.
Izvi zvinozivikanwa seye greenhouse athari. Nekudaro, kuwedzera izvi zvinoita isu tinoti greenhouse hazvina zvazvinobatsira, sezvo zvatiri kuita zviri kuwedzera tembiricha yepasirese tembiricha zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera. Iko kuwanda kweaya magasi anonaya mwaranzi mumhepo, ndiko kupisa kwakawanda kwavachazochengeta uye nekudaro kukwirira kwetembiricha kunokwira.
Solar radiation uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kudziya kwepasi kunozivikanwa pasi rose. Uku kuwedzera kwekushisa nekuda kwekuchengetwa kukuru kwemwaranzi yezuva kunokonzeresa shanduko mumamiriro ekunze epasi rose. Izvo hazvingoreve chete kuti iwo chaiwo tembiricha tembiricha ichawedzera, asi kuti mamiriro ekunze uye zvese zvinobatanidza zvinoshanduka.
Kuwedzera kwetembiricha kunokonzeresa kudzikama mumhepo mafungu, huwandu hwegungwa, kuparadzirwa kwemarudzi, kuteedzana kwemwaka, kuwedzera mune zvakanyanya mamiriro emamiriro ekunze (senge kusanaya kwemvura, mafashama, madutu ...), nezvimwe.. Ndosaka tichida kuti tiwanezve mwero werediyasi nenzira yakagadzikana, tinofanirwa kudzikisa gasi inokanganisa gasi uye nekuwanazve mamiriro ekunze.