Panyika pane zvakasiyana mhando dzedombo zvichienderana nekudzidziswa uye mabviro maitiro avanawo. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanorongerwa nehunhu hwavo uye zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvimiro. Chaizvoizvo, isu tine mhando dzematombo ekutanga ayo ari sedimentary, igneous, uye metamorphic. Imwe neimwe yeaya marudzi ematombo ane, zvakare, mamwe maitiro chaiwo.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza pamusoro pemhando huru dzematombo aripo, maitiro avo uye maitiro.
Mhando dzedombo
Sedimentary matombo
Matombo anoumbwa nekutakura uye kuiswa kwezvinhu nekuda kwekuita kwemhepo, mvura, ice, kana kemikari kuiswa kwemvura ine mvura. Tsanangudzo inosanganisirawo kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvisingaoneki, zvakadai semateko anobudiswa nezvisikwa. Sedimentary matombo anopatsanurwazve kuita matombo anoparadza uye asina-anokuvadza matombo.
Detrital sedimentary matombo
Iwo akaiswa kubva kune zvimwe zvidimbu zvematombo mushure mechikamu chekufambisa. Matombo aya anokamurwa zvichienderana nekukura uye maumbirwo ezvimedu zvinoaumba.
Naizvozvo, matombo ane zvimedu zvakakura (zvikuru kupfuura 2 mm) uye maumbirwo akatenderedzwa ari conglomerates, nepo kana ari angular anonzi breccias. Kana zvimedu zvakasununguka, madhipoziti anonzi matombo. Matombo ejecha ane saizi yezviyo zviri pakati nepakati (0,06 kusvika 2 mm) anoonekwa neziso rakashama kana maikorosikopu yakareruka, uye silts nevhu zvine saizi diki yezviyo (isingasviki 0,06 mm), inogona kungoonekwa neelectronic microscope.
Gravel inoshandiswa seyakaunganidzwa mukuvaka, kunyanya kugadzira kongiri. Gravel, kunyanya sandstone, inogona kushandiswa sedombo rekuvaka kana kusimba kwayo kwakanaka.
Ivhu rinoshandiswa mune zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.. Vane mishonga uye cosmetic kushandiswa. Zvinoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekuvaka kugadzira zvidhinha nemakeramiki. Anoshandiswawo semidziyo yakabikwa mukuvaka madziro evhu neadobe uye mukugadzira zvechinyakare ceramics, ivhu uye porcelain. Nekuda kwemaitiro avo ekudzivirira mvura, anogona kushandiswa kunyudza zvigadzirwa zvakasvibiswa, kusefa kwemaindasitiri, nezvimwe.
Asiri-anokanganisa sedimentary matombo
Iwo anoumbwa nekunaya kwemamwe makomisheni mune aqueous solution kana nekuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zve organic mavambo. Rudzi rwakanyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye limestone, inoumbwa zvakanyanya ne calcium carbonate precipitates kana kuunganidzwa kwemapfupa ezvimedu (makorari, gastropods, ostracods, nezvimwewo). Mumatombo aya, kuvapo kwezvisaririra izvi zvinoumba zvisaririra zvinowanzoonekwa. Maraimu akasiyana siyana ane calcareous tuffaceous matombo ane porous uye akapfuma muzvirimwa zvinosara zvinotangira munzizi kana calcium carbonate inoiswa pazvinomera. Dolomite nderimwe dombo, rakasiyana nerekare, iro kemikari yakagadzirwa ine, kuwedzera kune carbonates uye calcium, chikamu chikuru che magnesium.
Flint inogadzirwa apo masara ematehwe ezvipenyu zvakaita semadiatom anoshandisa silica kuvaka magomba avo anounganidza, kana iyo silica inogezwa nemvura kuti iwedzere.
Imwe mhando yedombo is evaporite, iyo inogadzirwa nekubuda kwemvura munzvimbo dzegungwa uye nyanza. Dombo rinonyanya kukosha remhando iyi gypsum, dombo rinoumbwa nekunaya kwe calcium sulfate.
Limestone chinhu chinoshandiswa kugadzira simende uye lime pakuvaka. Icho zvakare chinhu chinoshandiswa mukuvaka kwekuvaka facades uye pasi pekuvhara. Plaster inoshandiswa mumadziro emadziro uye mukugadzira ma castings.
Marasha nemafuta asiri-clastic sedimentary matombo. dhinomited of organic origin nekuti inomuka kubva mukuunganidzwa kwezvisaririra zveorganic matter. Marasha anobva mumasara ezvirimwa uye mafuta anobva mumakungwa plankton. Tichifunga nezve chizvarwa chavo chekupisa uye simba ravanogadzira nekupisa, ivo vane kufarira kukuru kwehupfumi.
Igneous matombo
Iwo matombo akatonhodzwa kubva kumvura silicate zvikamu zvemukati mePasi. Kunyungudika uku kuri mukupisa kwakanyanya. Nzvimbo iri pedyo nepamusoro (iyo crust) inogadzira matombo eplutonic painotonhora nekuoma munzira yekuenda pamusoro pePasi, uye matombo anoputika kana achinge atonhora nekuoma pamusoro.
plutonic igneous matombo
Plutonic matombo anobva pasi pePasi pevhu, saka kana vaiswa mukumanikidzwa kukuru, zvicherwa zvavo zvinonamatirana zvakasimba, zvichigadzira matombo akakora, asina maburi. Dzinotonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma, saka makristasi emamineral anoaumba anogona kunge akakura. Dzimwe nguva vanogona kuonekwa neziso.
Granite ndiyo yakajairika plutonic rock. Izvo zvinosanganisira musanganiswa wemaminerari quartz, feldspar, uye mica.
Makomo anoputika
Dzinotangisa kana magma abviswa pamusoro pePasi, achigadzira bota kubva mumakomo anoputika uye kutonhora kusvika kune yakaderera tembiricha uye kumanikidza kuri pamusoro pePasi. Mhedzisiro ibwe rinoumbwa nenhamba huru yemakristasi madiki kana chinhu chinonzi amorphous (girazi) chisingaiti. Dzimwe nguva, mamwe maminerari anogona kuve akakomberedzwa ne microcrystalline kana amorphous zvinhu.
Matombo anoputika anowanzo kurongwa maererano nemakemikari awo. Basalt idombo rakajairika rinozivikanwa zviri nyore nerima raro. Rhyolite, kune rumwe rutivi, inotora mumvuri wakareruka.
Metamorphic matombo
Metamorphic matombo anomuka kubva kumatombo agara aripo anogadziriswa nekuda kwekuwedzera kukuru kwekushisa uye kumanikidzwa nekuda kwemaitiro e geological (kuvigwa, magma intrusion, nezvimwewo). Kurongeka uku kunokonzera shanduko mumaminerari nemakemikari ayo, kushandura dombo rekutanga (sedimentary, igneous kana metamorphic) kuita rudzi rutsva rwatinodaidza kuti metamorphic.
Iyo metamorphic process inoitika munzvimbo yakasimba., ndiko kuti, kushanduka kunoitika apo dombo harina kumbonyunguduka. Mazhinji metamorphic matombo anoratidzirwa nekupararira kwakapararira kwemaminerari, izvo zvinoita kuti iite seyakatsetseka, ichigadzira iyo yakaturikidzana chimiro chedombo. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi foliation
Mahwendefa anobva kuvhu, kuva nekushisa kwakadzika kwazvo uye kukwira kwekumanikidza nekuda kwekuvigwa. Vane zvimiro zvakaita seshizha zvinonzi slaty (yakanyatsotwasuka, yakaenzana, uye yakaonda kwazvo pepa-sezvivakwa). Kazhinji ivo vatema uye kazhinji vane zvisaririra. Anoshandiswa mumatairi edenga pakuvaka uye kuvhara madziro neuriri hwedzimba.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemhando dzematombo uye maitiro avo.