Kusanaya kwemvura ndechimwe chezviitiko zvakarova Spain zvakanyanya kwenguva yakareba. Mamiriro ekunze edu anoita kuti tinaye mvura shoma pakupera kwegore uye takanangana mumwaka wechando. Neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye nekuwedzera kwetembiricha yepasirese yepasi rose, tiri kucherechedza kuti kusanaya kwemvura kwakawedzera uye kureba. Naizvozvo, matura eSpain vanoita basa rakakosha muhuwandu hwemvura inowanikwa zvese zvekunwa nevanhu uye nezvimwe zviitiko zvehupfumi.
Tiri kuzotsaurira ichi chinyorwa kukuudza iwe zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve madziva eSpain uye avo makuru maitiro.
Kuvakwa kwemadhamu matsva muSpain
Kuvakwa kwemadhamu muSpain chinhu chakatangira kunguva dzekare. Sezvo munhu achizvimisikidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana, kuda kwekuchengetedza mvura kwakaonekwa. Sezvo pakutanga tekinoroji yanga isati yafambira mberi sezvazviri nhasi, iyo morphology yenzvimbo yacho yaifanirwa kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Iko pano apo geology inoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwemadziva. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwenzvimbo nedombo rakakurisa, madhamu ehukuru hwakasiyana anogona kuvakwa. Mamiriro enzvimbo epasi aifanirawo kutariswa. Iwo makosi emvura uye kuyerera uko imwe neimwe yakashanda sekudya kuzadza madhamu uye kuchengetedza mvura iripo.
Yakanga isiri iyo kusvika 1970 apo yekutanga hesheni yemadhamu eSpanish akaitwa. Yakaitwa neSpanish National Committee yeMadhamu Makuru (SPANCOLD) uye yakapihwa kuX International Congress yeMahombe Madhamhu, akarongeka neInternational Commission yeMahombe Madhamhu (ICOLD) muMontreal. Ruzivo rwurimo muzvinyorwa zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa shanduko yenhamba yemadhamu muSpain muzana rese rechiXNUMX. Zvinobatsirawo kuziva huwandu hwemvura iyo yatinokwanisa kuchengeta kuti ishandiswe gare gare.
Ruzivo rwakawanda rwakaunganidzwa kuratidza kuti panguva Mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura, Spain yakavaka mutero wekushandisa madhimoni mazana maviri. Munguva yekushanduka kwezana ramakore rapfuura zvave zvichikwanisika kuongorora maitiro akajeka kwazvo mukushanduka kwekuvakwa kwemadziva. Ihafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi4 ini ndoda kuratidzirwa nekutumirwa kwegore negore kwemadhamu mana. Apa ndipo pakatanga chimurenga mukuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvinokwanisa kuchengetedza mvura nekushandura iyo hydrological kutenderera.
Kune rimwe divi, isu tine chikamu chechipiri chezana ramakumi maviri ramakore uko kune budiriro huru munyika medu. Uye iyo hafu yechipiri iyi yaive shanduko yakazara yemadziva eSpain. Pamutemo wemadhamu makumi maviri pagore akaiswa mukushanda. Sezvatakapinda muzana ramakumi maviri nemasere, maitiro ari kukura akatangawo kuwedzera huwandu hwemadhamu.
Inventory yemadhamu eSpanish
Iri ibazi reZvakatipoteredza neRural Affairs iro parizvino riri kutarisira kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvemadhamu eSpain zviripo. Muhushumiri uhu tinokwanisa kuwana dura rewebhu patinowana zvese zvakakosha hunhu uye nenzvimbo yemadhorobha makuru muSpain. Kutenda neruzivo urwu tinogona kuwana data pa kugoverwa kwemadhamu zvichibva pane kwavo typology, kukwirira kwavo, shanduko mune huwandu hwemadziva muSpain, kugona kweumwe neumwe, Etc.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti iyo data iripo maererano nenhamba yemadziva muSpain yakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore apfuura. Vanhu vazhinji vanoshamisika kuti nei madutu asiri kuvakwa kana kusanaya kwemvura kuchida kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvitsva zvekuchengetedza mvura.
Nhasi hapana kutaura kwemadhamu kana madutu, asi pachinzvimbo kufemerwa kwemabasa ekugadzirisa kwakagadzirwa. Speini Yakave ichionekwa sesimba renyika mumadziva ane huwandu hwe1.200. Izvi zvinoisa Spain semutungamiri muEurope. Nekudaro, Spain parizvino iri kusangana nenguva apo magadzirisiro matsva erudzi urwu asiri kugadzirwa. Uye ndeyekuti iyo mirau yemvura yakapihwa muBrussels uye yanga ichishanda kubvira kutanga kwezana rino, kubheja pamusoro pekushambidzwa kwemvura. Kune zvakare kumanikidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, dambudziko rehupfumi uye kudzimisirwa kwechirongwa chenyika chemvura. Zvese izvi mamiriro ezvinhu zvakakonzera kuti veruzhinji mabasa akagadzirirwa kune mamwe mapurojekiti asiri ekuvaka matsva emvura muSpain.
Iri zvakare kuisa pamberi mabasa ayo chengetedza kuti migero isabudise mafashama akawanda. Sezvo kunaya muSpain kuchiitika nenzira ine rukova munzvimbo zhinji zvine njodzi kuna Carlos kumhanyisa nzizi asina kurapwa. Naizvozvo, nyaya yakakosha nhasi ndeyekunze mabasa anobata migero nemapani kuti vakwanise kuchengetedza mvura zvakagadzirwa. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita basa rakaomarara mukugadzirisa pane kuisa chigadziko chitsva mukutonga kwemvura kwenyika.
Dambudziko rekugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzeSpain
Matangi anozivikanwa kuti anobatsira kwazvo manejimendi zviwanikwa zvemvura. Vanobvumidzawo kuwana magetsi emagetsi uye kuwedzera nzvimbo dzekudiridzira mubheseni, zvichibatsira kudzora mafashama. Zvisinei, kune njodzi yekumhara matura. Uku kurongeka hakuna chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo nenzira yechisikirwo uye iyo inosimbiswa nemvura zhinji.
Tsvaga iyo degree rekugadzika kwemadziva zvakakosha kuti ukwanise kuziva uye nekunyatsoverenga ma hydraulic reserves anowanikwa munyika yese. Iko kumhanya uye dhigirii kunoitika kunoitika mumabheseni emadziva zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze enharaunda yega yega. Izvo zvakare zvinoenderana neiyo mamiriro eiyo geological, mamiriro ezvevhu, mashandisirwo ezvekurima, huwandu hwehuswa hwekuvhara uye lithology yedziva iro pacharo. Ese aya misiyano ndeaya anoona huwandu hwenzara dzinogona kudonha kutakurwa mushure mekukanganiswa uye kupedzisira yaunganidzwa mukati megomba.
Kuunganidzwa kunotevera kwezvimedu izvi kunoderedza kugona kwedura rekuchengetera mvura. Mukufamba kwenguva, aya mashandiro emutemo anoshanda anodiwa kuti mudziyo ugone kubatsira.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve madziva eSpain.