Cartographic fungidziro chishandiso chakakosha munyika ye cartography, sainzi iyo ine basa rekumiririra zvine graphic pamusoro pePasi pamepu. Sezvo Nyika iri mativi matatu-dimensional sphere, asi mamepu ari maviri-dimensional ndege, zvinodikanwa kushandura ruzivo kubva kunharaunda kuenda kune yakati sandara. Kune zvakasiyana-siyana marudzi ezvirongwa zvemepu zvakasiyana.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza pamusoro pemhando dzemakatuni ekufungidzira aripo, maitiro avo uye kukosha.
Chii chinonzi mepu fungidziro
Munzvimbo yejogirafi, mepu inzira yekumiririra chikamu chePasi pasi nekuenzanisa kukombama kwePasi nekwakati sandara kwemepu. Iyo inonyanya kusanganisira "kushandura" 3D inopa mune 2D shanduro, kukanganisa zvikamu zvepakutanga zvishoma sezvinobvira.
Izvi zvinofananidzwa nemaitirwo anoitwa mepu uye anofanira kutungamirwa nehurongwa hwekubatanidza hunoumbwa neEarth's meridians uye latitude kumisikidza nzvimbo inomiririra yakatendeka kune hupamhi hwekukombama kwePasi.
Nekudaro, izvi hazvigone kuitwa pasina kumwe kukanganisa, saka fungidziro inodzidzwa kuderedza kukanganisa uye, chekutanga, kuchengetedza zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha zvemepu: chinhambwe, pamusoro uye chimiro.
Panogona kunge paine maratidziro akasiyana emakatuni, ndiko kuti, nzira dzakasiyana uye maitiro ekumiririra ukuru hwePasi (kana chikamu chepasi payo) mumativi maviri, sezvo iyi yanga iri nyaya yekunetsekana nevanoongorora geographer kubva kare. Mupfungwa iyi, hapana “akatendeka zvikuru” kupfuura mumwe, asi vanoisa matambudziko akasiyana ejometri uye vanosimbisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekumiririra.
Mhando dzekufungidzira kwemepu
Kurongedza ratidziro yecartographic, chiyero cheiyo geometry yaifuridzira chinowanzoshandiswa, kureva, kana fungidziro iri cylindrical, conical, azimuthal kana kusanganisa zvikamu zvezvikamu zvitatu. Aya ndiwo marudzi emakatographic fungidziro aripo:
- cylindrical projection. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, iwo mafungidziro anoshandisa silinda yekufungidzira sepamepu. Humburumbira inogara tangent kana tangent kune denderedzwa pamusoro penyika, iyo ine kuenderana kwakanaka (inoremekedza chimiro), asi sezvatinoenda mberi kubva kuequator, pane yakakura uye yakawedzera kududzira kukanganisa maererano nedaro uye nzvimbo. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, nekuchengetedza iyo perpendicularity pakati pemeridians uye parallels, iri nyore uye inobatsira mhando yefungidziro inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakufamba.
- conical projection. Zvakafanana necylindrical projections, izvi zvinowanikwa nekuisa denderedzwa renyika mukati memukati wekumonereka kweyekufungidzira tangent kana secant cone, panoonekwa mitsetse yelatitude nemeridians. Kubatsira kwemhando iyi yekufungidzira ndeyekuti inoshandura meridians kuita mitsara yakatwasuka kubva pamatanda uye inofananidzwa kuita madenderedzwa akadzika mukati mekoni. Mepu inobuda yakanyatsokodzera kumiririra mid-latitudes, sezvo ichiwedzera kuvhiringika kana munhu achifamba akananga kumatanda.
- azimuthal projection. Iyo inozivikanwawo sekuti zenithal fungidziro, inowanikwa nekuisa denderedzwa renyika pane yekufungidzira ndege tangent kune sphere pachayo, pairi iyo meridians uye yakafanana inofungidzirwa. Maonero akawanikwa anoenderana nechiratidzo chenyika inoonekwa kubva pakati pePasi kana kubva kune imwe nyika iri kure. Aya mafungidziro akanaka kwazvo pakuchengetedza hukama pakati pematanda nehemisphere, saka iwo akarurama pahupamhi hwepamusoro; asi iyo yakakura kureba pakati pendege uye tangent point ye sphere, ivo vanonyanya kukanganisa, saka ivo havana kukodzera.
- Modified projection. Zvinonziwo mapurojekiti akasanganiswa kana mahybrid, ndiwo mafungidziro anosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirongwa zviri pamusoro uye kuedza kumiririra zvakatendeseka pamusoro pePasi kuburikidza nekutyora kuenderera kwemepu uye masvomhu ekuvaka masikweya ane nzvimbo imwechete yePasi. Iyo inopesana nemaitiro, asi inobvumira kuedza nekuzvidira deformation yemeridian uye yepasi parallel kuti uwane mitsva uye isingagoneke mhedzisiro nemamwe marudzi ekufungidzira.
Maitiro ekuzviita
Nehunyanzvi hazvibviri kumiririra Nyika panzvimbo yakati sandara pasina kukanganisa zvimwe zvinhu zvejometri. Iko kuomarara kwekumiririra chimiro chakaita sePasi pane chakati sandara chinogona kugadziriswa kusvika pamwero nemudziyo unonzi mepu fungidziro, iyo inobvumira kushandurwa kwechimiro chedenderedzwa kuita ndege, kusanganisira mitsetse yelatitude nelongitudo, kuitira kuti zvinhu zvose zviri pakati pehukama hunoenderana. Nokuda kweizvi, nzira dzakasimba dzemasvomhu dzinodiwa chose.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mafungidziro emepu chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira mamepu kuitira kuti hukuru hwadzo, zvimiro, uye nzvimbo yenzvimbo dziri mukati memakona epasi zvifanane nezviripo.
Yese mafungidziro emepu anoratidza maitiro ane chekuita nerudzi rweshanduko kana maitiro ejometri anoshandiswa kuita shanduko. Saka, geographic fungidziro inogona kuva nechimwe kana zviviri zvezvitatu zvinotevera zvivakwa, asi hapana chiitiko chinogona kugutsikana zvese zvitatu panguva imwe chete:
- equidistance: Iyo fungidziro yakatendeka kune ekutanga madaro, ndiko kuti, haaakurise kana kuderedza iwo, asi kuti anochengeta iwo mativi pachiyero chinowirirana.
- Kuenzana: Iyo fungidziro yakatendeka kune yekutanga nzvimbo yepamusoro, ndiko kuti, haina kukanganisa ukuru uye zviyero zvepasi.
- Maererano: Iyo fungidziro yakatendeka kune chimiro uye makona ekutanga, ndiko kuti, haina kukanganisa chimiro kana kutaridzika kwechiso chainomiririra.
Mukufungidzira kwega kwega, kuedza kunoitwa kuremekedza zvinhu zvitatu izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, kunyangwe zvimwe zvinowanzobairwa zvakanyanya kupfuura zvimwe zvichienderana nekushandiswa chaiko kwemepu yakarongwa. Semuenzaniso, kana iri mepu yenyika kana denderedzwa rechikoro, kazhinji chimiro chemakondinendi chinoremekedzwa kupfuura chinhambwe chiri pakati pemakondinendi nepamusoro pekondinendi yega yega.
Mamwe marudzi ekufungidzira kwemepu
Aya ndiwo mamwe marudzi asingazivikanwe ekufungidzira:
- pseudoconical: Mitsetse inofananidzwa inomiririrwa neconcentric arcs uye meridians nemitsetse yakakomberedzwa. Pakati meridian mutsara wakatwasuka.
- pseudocylindrical: Kufanana uye nechepakati meridians inoratidzwa semitsetse yakatwasuka. Meridians macurves akafanana.
- Polyconic: Parallels of latitude inomiririrwa neasina-concentric arcs ane nzvimbo dzawo pacentral meridian.
Hapana fungidziro yemepu yakakwana, asi inoderedza kukanganisa kwenzvimbo, kutungamira, chinzvimbo, chinhambwe, uye chimiro. Kushandiswa kwemepu yakapihwa uye fungidziro yemepu yakapihwa zvinoenderana nezvido zvemunhu, sezvo chimwe nechimwe chine zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira. Semuenzaniso, kutarisa kune yakaderera latitudes, zviri nani kushandisa cylindrical projection mepu, conical projection yepakati-latitudes, uye azimuthal fungidziro yenzvimbo dzepolar.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhando dzemakatuni ekufungidzira aripo uye maitiro avo.