Carbon mune zvakasikwa

Pasi redu pane magasi akasiyana uye zvinhu zvakakosha kuhupenyu. Huwandu hwezvinhu izvi uye magasi zvinoenderana nekushanda kweimwe neimwe uye zviitiko zvinoitika pasirese. Nhasi tichataura nezvazvo kabhoni mune zvakasikwa. Carbon inogona kuwanikwa mune akasiyana mamiriro epasi redu senge mafuta, graphites, dhamondi, pakati pevamwe. Icho chinhu chemakemikari chinotora chechitanhatu patafura ye periodic uye hachisi chesimbi.

Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza nezvese hunhu uye kukosha kwekabhoni mune zvakasikwa.

Mhando huru

Carbon chinhu chine tetravalent chemakemikari. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inopukunyuka kubva mukumisikidza zvisungo zvina zvemakemikari emagetsi akagovaniswa kana zvisungo zvakabatana. Icho ndicho chinhu chine kuwanda kukuru muvhu rese repasi. Kuwanda kwaro kunogara mukusiyana kwaro. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iripo mukuumbwa kwemakemikari makemikari uye ine hunyanzvi kugona kuumba ma polymers pane tembiricha dzinowanzo kuwanikwa pasi redu. Aya ndiwo mashandiro ayo sechinhu mune ese anozivikanwa mafomu ehupenyu.

Carbon mune zvakasikwa inowanikwa sechinhu chemakemikari isingasanganisi nemamwe mafomu. Kune iyo yakawanda chikamu, inosanganiswa nemakemikari kabhoni macompound akadai secalcium carbonate uye mamwe macomputer mumafuta uye gasi rechisikigo. Inogona zvakare kuwanikwa muchimiro chezvicherwa zvakasiyana senge marasha, lignite uye peat. Kukosha kukuru kwekabhoni ndechekuti inowanikwa mune zvese zvipenyu.

Ko kabhoni inowanikwa kupi mune zvakasikwa?

Sezvatakambotaura, kabhoni mune zvakasikwa inowanikwa mumhando dzese dzehupenyu uye inowanikwa mune ese makristaro mafomu: diamond, graphite uye fullerene. Tinogona zvakare kuona mamwe maforofu emamineral mafomu ane marasha senge lignite, marasha, peat, uye mafomu emvura senge mhando dzemafuta uye gasi senge gasi rechisikigo. Tiri kuenda kunonyora chimwe nechimwe chazvo uye nekuvaratidza.

Mhando dzeCristalline

• Graphite: Iyo yakasimba iyo yakasviba muvara uye ine kupisa kunodzivirira kwesimbi sheen. Iyo ine chiumbwa chekristalline secathoni maatomu akabatanidzwa pamwechete nehexagonal zvisungo. Maatomu aya akabatanidzwa kuita mapepa.
• Diamond: irwo ruzha rwakanyanya runokwanisa kurega chiedza chichipfuura napo. Maatomu ecarbon ari muadhaimondi akabatanidzwa munzira yetetrahedral.
• Fullerenes: ndiwo mamorekuru ekabhoni ari kuumba masumbu ane maatomu mazhinji uye mamwe ari muchimiro chakaumbana chakafanana nemabhora ebhora.

Amorphous mafomu

Mune ino kesi, maatomu ecarbon haabatanidze kana kuumba chisina kujairika chimiro chakarairwa. Ivo vanowanzo kuve nezvakawanda zvakasviba uye zvimwe zvinhu. Ngationgororei zvavari:

• Anthracite: Ndiyo metamorphic yemarasha yemaminera ekaresa aripo. Mavambo ayo akadzokera mukushandurwa kwematombo ayo akave nekukanganisa kweese tembiricha, kumanikidza uye nemakemikari chiito chemvura mune zvakasikwa. Kunyanya ivo vakaumbwa muCarboniferous nguva.
• Marasha: idare remaminera rakaumbwa mune sedimentary dombo rehupenyu hwakatangira. Iko kuumbwa kwakaitika panguva yePaleozoic uye yakasviba muvara. Iyo ine yakakwira zvemukati yezvinhu bituminous zvinhu.
• Lignite: Iyo mineral yemarasha yakaumbwa kubva peat nekumanikidza kwakamanikidza.
• Peat: Icho chiri chinhu chemanyowani mavambo ayo anouya kubva kuQuaternary era uye iri kunyanya kuitika kupfuura marasha apfuura. Iyo inowanzo kusiyaniswa nekuve ine brownish yero yeruvara uye uremu hwayo isiponji ine yakaderera density Inobva pamarara emiti.
• Oiri uye gasi rechisikigo: ndiwo mafuta anonyanya kuzivikanwa pasirese. Izvo zvinoumbwa nemusanganiswa wezvinhu zvakasikwa, ruzhinji rwuri mahydrocarbon. Aya mahydrocarbon anoumbwa kuburikidza neanerobic bhakitiriya kuora kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kuumbwa kwayo kunoitika muvhu repasi pakadzika pakadzika uye pasi peakakosha mamiriro enyama nemakemikari. Aya maitiro akaitika pamusoro pemamirioni emakore.

Biogeochemical kutenderera kwekabhoni mune zvakasikwa

Iyo kabhoni kutenderera ndiyo yakasarudzika uye yakakosha maitiro ehupenyu papasi redu. Icho chiri pamusoro pekuchinjana kweiyi gasi mupasi rese. Inogona kuchinjaniswa pakati iyo biosphere, iyo mhepo, iyo lithosphere uye iyo hydrosphere. Ruzivo rweiyi cyclical maitiro ekabhoni ndiyo inotibatsira kuratidza zviito zvevanhu pane iyi mhando yekutenderera. Ndosaka tiine ruzivo rwakakodzera rweIberian nezve chiito icho vanhu vanacho pane shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Uye ndeyekuti kabhoni inokwanisa kutenderera pakati pemakungwa pamwe nechaunga chemvura. Inogona zvakare kutenderera pakati pevhu repasi, pasi, mhepo uye biosphere. Inotora chikamu muzvirongwa zvakadai sefotosinthesisi umo zvirimwa zvinotora kabhoni inowanikwa mumhepo kuti ibudise okisijeni kuburikidza nemakemikari anoita. Iyi photosynthesis inobvumira carbon dioxide nemvura inopindirana nesimba rezuva uye chlorophyll inogadzirwa nezvirimwa kuti ibudise makabhohaidhiretsi kana shuga. Oxygen ndiyo tsvina yezvinhu izvi.

Carbon a inowanikwawo mune zvakasikwa maitiro sekufema uye kuora. Maitiro ehupenyu ano ane basa rekuburitsa kabhoni mune zvakatipoteredza muchimiro che carbon dioxide kana methane. Methane ichagara iripo kana paine kuora mukusavapo kweokisijeni.

Carbon mune zvakasikwa inoita basa rakakosha mune zvegeological maitiro Aya maitiro eGeological anoitika semhedzisiro yekufamba kwenguva. Iko pano kuti kabhoni kuburikidza neanaerobic kuora inogona kushandurwa kuita zvisaririra zvemafuta zvakadai semafuta, gasi rechisiki uye marasha. Uye zvakare, iyi kabhoni inogona kuve yayo uye kuve chikamu chemamwe zvicherwa nematombo.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve kukosha kwekabhoni mune zvakasikwa.