Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzematombo isu tine igneous matombo. Pamusoro penyika yedu izere nematombo uye nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaminerari. Nekudaro, mabwe ane igneous anotora kukosha kukuru sezvo chikamu chepamusoro cheguruva repasi chine 95% chakaumbwa navo. Mamwe anozivikanwa senge granite uye obsidian, kunyangwe paine akasiyana akasiyana egneous matombo iwe aunonyatso ziva.
Naizvozvo, isu tiri kuzotsaurira chinyorwa ichi kukuudza zvese hunhu uye mabviro egneous matombo.
Mhando huru
Iwo anonzi zvakare magmatic matombo uye anoumbwa kana yakanyungudutswa dombo muchimiro chemagma inotanga kutonhora. Ndipo apo huwandu uhu magma anotanga kutonhodza pasi apo zvicherwa zvinotanga kusimbisa uye nekukomberedza maratidziro avo. Magma inogona kutonhodzwa munzira mbiri. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine kutonhora kuri pamusoro penyika kunoitika nekuda kwemhedzisiro yemakomo anoputika. Imwe nzira yekutonhora pasi iri mukati me lithosphere. Iyo lithosphere ndiyo yakasimba dura repasi pevhu. Ruzhinji rwematombo aya rwunoumbwa pasi penyika uye runodaidzwa kunzi matombo ane plutonic. Matombo anotonhorera pamusoro anozivikanwa semabwe anoputika.
Kunyangwe idzi mhando dzematombo dzichiumba chikamu chakakura kwazvo muchikamu chepamusoro chekukwira kwepasi, anowanzo kuwanikwa pasi pechikamu che Metamorphic matombo uye sedimentary matombo. Ivo vane kukosha kwakanyanya mumunda wegeology uye hunhu hwavo uye kuumbwa kunobatsira kunzwisisa jasi repasi. Kuumbwa kwejasi rePasi uye zvese zvakapfuura tectonic zvinhu zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuumbwa uye hunhu hwepasi redu.
Kupatsanura kwematombo ane igneous
Ngatione kuti ndeapi marongero aripo kune igneous matombo. Sezvataona kare, ivo vanowanzo kuverengerwa zvakananga kubva pakuumbwa kwavo. Kana vatonhodza muchikamu chepamusoro cheguruva repasi, vanonzi igneous volcanic rocks kune rimwe divi, kana vakatonhodza mukati me lithosphere vanozivikanwa seplutonic igneous rocks. Plutonics inonziwo matombo asinganzwisisike sezvo ivo vakaumba mukati me lithosphere. Pano magma anotonhora nenzira inononoka izvo zvinomutsa matombo ane makristasi mahombe. Aya makristasi anogona kuoneka zviri nyore.
Plutonic igneous matombo anoendeswa kune yepasi pevhu nemaitiro ekukurwa kana tectonic deformation. Hatifanire kukanganwa kuti pamusoro penyika panoumbwa nema tectonic mahwendefa anofamba. Iko kusuduruka kunenge kusingakoshese nemunhu asi isu tiri kutaura nezve geological nguva chiyero, matatya eplutonic anonzi maputoni sezvo iwo ari makuru magma intrusions kubva kwaakaumbwa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti moyo wemakomo akakura kwazvo maseru anoumbwa nematombo anopinza.
Kune rimwe divi, extrusive igneous matombo kana volcanic matombo anogadzirwa kana magma inodzingwa nekunze kwepasi inotonhora nekukurumidza zvakanyanya. Iyo yakawanda kwazvo ematombo aya inogadzirwa nemhedzisiro yemakomo anoputika uye nekutonhora kwemagma kumhanya kwazvo. Makristasi akagadzirwa mukati mematombo aya madiki uye haanyatso kuoneka kune ziso revanhu. Mumhando iyi yematombo zvakajairika kuona kuumbwa kwemakomba kana maburi akasiyiwa nemabhuru emweya uye ayo anoumbwa mukuita kwekusimbisa.
Kunze kweaya maviri akakura maratidziro isu tinewo mamwe. Ivo vanonzi maPhilonia matombo. Matombo aya ari pakati nepakati. Kana magma mahombe akananga kumusoro uye akasimba munzira, anogadzira matombo ePhylonia.
Mhando dzemagneous matombo
Tichaona kuti ndedzipi dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dzemagneous matombo zvinoenderana nekuumbwa uye magadzirirwo.
Kusanganisa
Igneous matombo ane anotevera mavara:
- Vitreous: uku ndiko kugadzirwa kwakajairika mumatombo anoputika. Aya maratidziro anoumbwa nekukandwa zvine chisimba mumhepo uye nekukanganiswa nekutonhora-kumhanya kutonhora.
- Aphanitic: Iwo matombo anoputika ane microscopic makristasi.
- Phaneritics: Izvo zvinoumbwa neakawanda magma ayo akumbirwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye pakadzika kukuru.
- Porphyritic: Iwo matombo ane makristuru mahombe pakati nepadiki kunze. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kutonhodza kusaenzana. Iyo nzvimbo ine makristasi mahombe yatonhorera zvishoma zvishoma, nepo chikamu chekunze chine makristasi madiki uye chakatonhora nekukurumidza zvakanyanya.
- Pyroclastic: pyroclasts inogadzirwa nekuputika-rudzi rwekuputika kwemakomo. Hazviwanzo kuve nemakristani uye akaumbwa nezvimedu zvedombo.
- Pegmatitics: Ndeavo vane tsanga dzakakwasharara uye dzakagadzirwa nemakristasi anodarika sendimita imwe paupamhi. Izvo zvinoumbwa apo magma ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemvura uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kugadzikana.
Chemical kuumbwa
Ngatione kuti ndedzipi dzakasiyana mhando dzegneous matombo zvinoenderana nemakemikari akaumbwa iyo yega yega ine:
- Felsic: Ndiwo matombo ayo anoumbwa kazhinji akadzika-mashoma silica uye akareruka mavara. Isu tinoona kuti iyo kondinendi crust inoumbwa zvakanyanya nemhando iyi yematombo uye iwo ane angangoita gumi% yakachena silicates.
- Andesitic: iwo ane angangoita 25% erima silicates.
- Mafic: mhando iyi yedombo inowanzo kuve yakapfuma mune yakasviba silicates. Ivo vane yakakwira density uye yakasviba mavara uye kazhinji vanoumba iyo yegungwa yegungwa.
- Ultramafic: ivo vane 90% yeakaumbwa avo erima silicates. Iwo anowanzo kuve mashoma matombo ekuwana pamusoro penyika.
Pakati peyakanyanya kuzivikanwa mienzaniso yemagneous matombo isu tine granite, inova yakajairika plutonic dombo. Kurwiswa ukuwo ndeimwe yematombo anozivikanwa zvikuru emakomo anoputika. Sezvauri kuona, kune akasiyana marudzi egneous matombo zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwavo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvegneous matombo uye maitiro avo.