Inonzi glaciation ice age, zera rechando kana zera rechando idzi nguva dze geological dzinoitika panguva yekutonhora kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze epasi, izvo zvinozoita kuti kutonhora kwemvura, kuwedzeredza kweaizi yepolar uye kutaridzika kwechando chekondinendi. Munguva idzi maruva nemhuka zvinofanirwa kujairana nemhoteredzo itsva.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti mazera makuru echando anga ari api, maitiro avo, zvikonzero uye mhedzisiro.
chii mazera echando
Inguva dzenguva dzakasiyana-siyana (dzinowanzorebeswa: makumi emamiriyoni emakore) umo hupenyu hunofanirwa kuenderana nekuoma uye kutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze kana kuparara. Vanogona kushandura zvinoshamisa mamiriro enzvimbo, zvipenyu uye mamiriro ekunze epasi.
Mazaya echando anogona kukamurwa kuita nguva dzechando, nguva dzechando dziri kuwedzera, uye nguva dzechando, nguva dzekudzikira kutonhora, uye kuwedzera tembiricha, kunyangwe zvichiri mukati memiganho inonzwisisika yekutonhora kwenguva refu kwePasi.
Nyika yakasangana neakawanda periodic glaciations, yokupedzisira yakatanga makore 110.000 XNUMX apfuura. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti budiriro yedu yese yakatanga uye yakararama mukati menguva yechando yakatanga makore 10.000 XNUMX apfuura.
ice age history
Iyo Quaternary Ice Age yakaitika panguva yeCenozoic Neogene. Kunyangwe parizvino 10% chete yepasi pePasi yakafukidzwa nechando, tinoziva kuti izvi hazvisi nguva dzose. Mazaya echando munhoroondo yegeological yePasi akasiya zvikwambo zvinozivikanwa, saka nhasi tinoziva nguva shanu huru dzechando, dzinoti:
- Huron Ice Age. Yakatanga 2.400 bhiriyoni makore apfuura uye yakapera muPaleoproterozoic geological era 2.100 bhiriyoni makore apfuura.
- Sturtian-Varangian glaciation. Inowana zita rayo kubva panguva yepasi-tembiricha Neoproterozoic, iyo yakatanga 850 miriyoni makore apfuura uye yakapera 635 miriyoni makore apfuura.
- Andean-Saharan Glacier. Zvakaitika pakati pe450 ne420 miriyoni makore apfuura, muPaleozoic (Ordovician neSilurian), uye ndiyo ipfupi inozivikanwa.
- Karoo Glacier. Yakatanga 360 miriyoni makore apfuura uye yakaguma 100 miriyoni makore gare gare, mune imwecheteyo Paleozoic (Carboniferous nePermian).
- Quaternary glaciation. Iyo ichangoburwa, iyo yakatanga 2,58 miriyoni makore apfuura munguva yeNeogene yeCenozoic era, ichapera ikozvino.
Nyika yaive chando
Nguva yechando yepasi rose, superglacial kana "snowball" yePasi ifungidziro pamusoro pezvakaitika panguva yeNeoproterozoic yetembiricha yakaderera, panguva iyo imwe kana anopfuura mazaya echando angadai akagadzirwa pasi rose, achifukidza Nyika yese nechando chakakora, uye achidzikisa avhareji yetembiricha kusvika -50°C.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiitiko ichi (chakagadzirwa muSturtian-Varangian Ice Age) chakatora makore anosvika bhiriyoni gumi, nguva huru yechando munhoroondo yePasi, uye yakatungamira kutsakatika kwehupenyu. Zvisinei, uchokwadi hwayo inhau yenharo munzanga yesayenzi.
Zera diki rechando
Zita rinoreva nguva yekutonhora kwakanyanya kwakaitika paNyika kubva kumaXNUMX kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Nguva inonyanya kupisa inozivikanwa seyakanakisa mamiriro ekunze eMiddle Ages (XNUMXth kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore) yakapera.
Haisi chaiyo glaciation, kure nazvo, uye geologically kutaura, ine hupenyu hupfupi kwazvo. Chero zvazvingava, yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu, zvinoratidzwa nekuderera kwekushisa kwepasi: 1650, 1770 uye 1850.
migumisiro yemakore echando
Glaciation inogadzira rudzi rwakakosha rwekukurwa mudombo. Izvo zvakanyanya kukanganisa kweIce Age zvinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:
- Geology. Mazaya echando akagadzira rudzi rwakakosha rwekukurwa mumatombo, kungave nekutonhodza, nekumanikidzwa kweaizi kana nemamiriro ekunze, zvichiita kuti pave nemamiriro evhu chaiwo mumatombo enguva yacho.
- Makemikari. Mazaya echando anoguma avapo sechando chisingaperi muzviitiko zvakawanda (sepamusoro pemakomo akawanda marefu) nekuda kwekuchinja kweisotopic mumvura, zvichiita kuti huremu hureme kupfuura nguva dzose. Izvi zvinoguma nekukwira kwemhupo nekunyunguduka kwekushisa kwemvura.
- Paleontology. Kuchinja kukuru uku kwetembiricha nemamiriro okunze kunowanzoperekedzwa nokutsakatika kukuru, uko kunobudisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvoupenyu, kunobudisa madhipoziti akakura, uye kunosiya humbowo hwakawanda hwezvisaririra. Uyezve, mhuka dzisingakwanisi kujairana nechando dzinotizira kunzvimbo dzinopisa, dzichigadzira nzvimbo dzekutizira dzechando uye mafambisirwo makuru ebiogeographical.
Zvikonzero zvemakore echando
Zvikonzero zvemakore echando zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana uye zvinokakavadzana. Dzimwe dzidziso dzinoratidza kuti dzinokonzerwa nekuchinja kuri kuitika mumhepo inodzikamisa kupinza kwesimba rekupisa kubva kuzuva, kana kuti shanduko shoma mukutenderera kweNyika.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Inogona kunge iri nekuda kwekufamba kwe tectonic plates: kana makondinendi achiswedera kune mumwe nemumwe, achivhara nzvimbo kugungwa, mukati mayo inooma uye inodziya, ichideredza evaporation margins. Zvisinei, kudai makondinendi aizopararira ndokuparadzana, paizova nemvura yakawanda yokutonhodza uye kuchengeta tembiricha yepasi pose yakagadzikana.
mhuka dzezera rechando
Mhuka dzakapona nekuchinja kweIce Age uye dzakajairana nehupenyu munzvimbo dzakaoma nechando dzaiwanzove dzakanyanya hunhu: makushe emvere nemafuta aidzivirira miviri yadzo kubva kuchando mukati, kugadzirisa metabolic kutonhora nekusanaya kwemvura, uye kudya kwakakwira-calorie. .
Zvisinei, nekutarisa mhuka huru dzezera rekupedzisira rechando, zvinokwanisika kunzwisisa nzira dzakananga dzemhando imwe neimwe yakapindura kutonhora, zvakadai se:
- Woolly mammoth. Nzou dzine mhanza dzajaira kutonhora, uye miviri yadzo yakafukidzwa nemvere dzemakwai dzinosvika mita kureba, uye mazino adzo anogona kupwanya goko rakaomarara rezvinomera zvakaoma nechando. Vanorarama makore anosvika 80.
- Tiger-ine meno ane tiger. Zvikara zvine simba izvi zvaive zvipfupi, zvairema uye zvakakora kudarika shumba, zviine mazinyanga akareba masendimita gumi nemasere aikwanisa kuvhura shaya dzadzo madhigirii zana nemakumi maviri padzinoruma, zvese kuti zvirambe zvichibudirira pamapani aiitwa nechando panguva yekuvhima.
- zvipembere zvine makushe. Vatangiri vezvipembere zvanhasi, miviri yavo mikuru yakanga yakafukidzwa nemvere dzemakwai uye yairema kusvika matani mana. Nyanga nedehenya rayo zvakanga zvakasimba uye zvakakura, uye yaigona kupinda muchando ichitsvaka zvokudya.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mazera akasiyana echando uye maitiro avo.