Homo sapiens ndeimwe yemhando dzemhando yeHomo. Kunyangwe paine mazita akasiyana anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kana kushoma, vanhu vemazuva ano vanowanzoonekwa sekuwira muchikamu ichi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinosiyanisa Homo sapiens yekare, Homo sapiens, uye Homo sapiens. Kunyange zvazvo wokutanga wavo, anonzwisiswa satateguru wepedyo kuvanhu, anogamuchirwa zvikuru sezwi resainzi, vamwe vanhu havasiyanisi pakati pezviviri zvinotevera.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Homo sapiens, maitiro ayo, mavambo uye shanduko.
Mavambo eHomo sapiens
Uyu murume wekare akaonekwa muAfrica pakati pePaleolithic. Yakatama kubva mukondinendi iyoyo ichienda kuEurope, kuMiddle East neAsia, kusvikira yava iyo mhuka huru kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi. Mumakore achangopfuura, kuverenga nguva kwachinja zvakanyanya, nekuti mamwe mafossils ekare kupfuura zvaitarisirwa akawanikwa.
Homo sapiens ine chimiro chebhonzo nehuropi sevanhu vemazuva ano. Imwe yeayo yakanyanya kunaka hunhu ndeyekuti ine hungwaru hukuru uye kugona kugadzira mamwe maturusi akaomarara. Nzira yeNeolithic yakamutora kuti azvipire kune zvekurima uye kuumba sangano rakaoma.
Homo sapiens ndiyo yega mhando yasara yerudzi rwayo. Vamwe vanhu vazhinji vakaonekwa munguva dzekare vakapedzisira vatsakatika. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Homo sapiens ndiko kupera kwemaitiro akareba ekushanduka-shanduka. Nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti musiyano mukuru pakati peHomo sapiens nemamwe marudzi hausi wenyama sewemweya. Kukura kwehuropi uye kukwanisa kuita zvinhu uye kuzviziva kunoparadzanisa vanhu kubva kumadzitateguru avo.
Chirevo chinogamuchirwa nevakawanda ndechekuti Homo sapiens yakaonekwa kuMiddle Paleolithic Africa. Kusvika kwemurume wekare uyu hakuna kuitika nenzira yakatevedzana, asi makore 600.000 apfuura, madzitateguru avo akapatsanurana, zvichikonzera kuzvarwa kweNeanderthals kune rumwe rutivi uye Homo sapiens kune rumwe.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuve neHomo sapiens fossils munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvinoreva kuti zera rezvipenyu rinofanirwa kutariswa zvakare. Apo zvakasara zveJebel Irhoud zvakawanikwa muMorocco, kufambidzana kwavo kwakashamisa masayendisiti.
Mhando huru
Muenzaniso wekare weHomo sapiens wakawanikwa wakachengeta humwe hunhu hwakafanana nevakautangira. Yokutanga ndiyo kumira kwetsoka iyo Homo erectus yakaratidza.
Kana riri dehenya, rakaita shanduko, kunyanya maererano nehukuru hwe cranial. Mukuwedzera, saizi yeshaya uye mhasuru yemhasuru inoderedzwa. Pakupedzisira, chikamu chakabuda cheziso cheziso chakanyangarika zvachose.
Nezve chimiro chemuviri wakajairwa, avhareji kureba kwekutanga batch yeHomo sapiens Yaiva mamita 1,60 (mukadzi) uye mamita 1,70 (murume). Zvichienderana nebonde, uremu hunobva pa60 kusvika 70 kg. Maererano netsvagiridzo, yekutanga Homo sapiens yaive neganda rakasviba. Zvichida nokuti yakajairana nemamiriro ekunze ezuva reAfrica savanna. Kusviba kweganda kunogona kudzivirira zvakanyanya kubva pamhedzisiro ye UV mwaranzi.
Apo vanhu vepakutanga vakatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusiyana kweganda kwakaitika gare gare. Saizvozvovo, kuchinjika kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo yekugara kunotungamira kukuchinja kunowedzera mikana yekupona.
Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinofanira kunge chakaitika kubvudzi romumusoro. Rudzi rwose rwose rwomuviri rwakasiiwa nemamwe madzitateguru ari kupera zvishoma nezvishoma. Homo sapiens vane huma yakakura kupfuura vanhu vekare. Chikonzero chinoita senge kuwedzera kwecranial volume.
Kazhinji, dehenya rose rinoshandurwa panguva yekubuda kwemarudzi. Pamusoro pehukuru, shaya inopfupika uye mazino anova madiki. Izvi zvinoita kuti chirebvu chinyanye kuoneka uye chishoma. Panguva imwecheteyo, maziso anotarisa zvakanyanya pachiso uye tsiye dzinorasikirwa nehumwe hwekukora uye huwandu. Kune mapfupa akatenderedza zvigadziko zveziso uye kuona kwakagadziridzwa.
Homo sapiens ine tsoka dzakati sandara nezvigunwe zvishanu. Idzi dzakarasikirwa nekugona kushandiswa kwekukwira uye, seruoko, chigunwe chakapesana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvipikiri zvakati sandara, kwete makuhwa. Pakupedzisira, kukura kukuru kwemapfudzi nemajoini egokora kwakasimbiswa.
Kugona kufamba nemakumbo ese, pasina chikonzero chekutsamira pamaoko, kwakapa Homo sapiens mukana wakakura wekushanduka. Nekuda kweizvi, unogona kubata zvinhu nemaoko ako pasina kana kuzvidzivirira. Iyo digestive system iri kuchinja kuti ienderane nekuchinja kwekudya. Iyo huru, kushandiswa kwemoto kubika chikafu, kwatanga kushandiswa kuHomo erectus.
Homo sapiens kudya
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakagumisa kuti kudya kweHomo sapiens kwakasiyana zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaimbofungwa. Saizvozvo, sainzi yakaronga kuti kucherechedza zvakatipoteredza kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kudya kwako pane kucherechedza chimiro chemunhu.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, tsvakiridzo yese yechikafu yakatarisa pahukuru uye chimiro chemeno, pamwe nemhuka dzakasara uye maturusi akawanikwa. Nenzira iyi, rudzi rutsva rwekuongorora hunoenderana nekupfeka kwemazino rwakagadzirwa, uye imwe inoshandisa isotopes iyo inogona kupa ruzivo kubva kune mazino enamel masara. Aya isotopes anogona kupa data pamiriwo uye nzungu dzinodyiwa nevanhu vekare.
Kubva pakupera kwePaleolithic, kuvhima kwave kuri chimwe chezviitiko zvikuru zvevanhu vekutanga. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe madzitateguru ayo, kunyanya scavenger, kuvhima kunopa zvimedu zvakakura uye zviri nani.
Mupiro wemapuroteni emhuka yakabva kwakakosha kuvandudza njere dzevanhu. Homo sapiens inofanirwa kuenderana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze panguva dzakasiyana uye inofanirwa kuwana mhuka nyowani munzvimbo dzakasiyana maanogara. Somuenzaniso, muWestern Europe, mapoka akawanda anotsamira pakubatwa kwemhembwe sehwaro hwokurarama, nepo muRussia achifanira kutarisana nehombe huru.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine mahombekombe nenzizi, vanhu vekare vakakurumidza kuona zvakanakira hove, saka vakagadzira nzira dzekuredza. Vakaita zvimwe chetezvo nemollusks, uye goko remollusk raishandiswa sechombo.
Rimwe rematambudziko rakasangana neHomo sapiens yekutanga nderekuti masango avo akatanga kuderera nekuda kwekunaya kwemvura shoma. Huwandu hwemakopi hwawedzera uye zviwanikwa hazvina kukwana kutsigira makopi ese. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti vatamire kune mamwe matunhu.
Dehenya nekushanduka-shanduka
Vesainzi vanoshandisa vhoriyamu yedehenya kuyera mukati medehenya. Inopimwa mumacubic centimita uye yavewo chiratidzo chehungwaru hwemhuka yega yega.
Homo sapiens yakaenderera mberi nekuwedzera kwevhoriyamu yecranial iyo mamwe emadzitateguru avo akatanga. Kunyanya, saizi yakasvika 1.600 XNUMX cubic centimeters, imwe cheteyo neyevanhu vemazuva ano.
Nekuda kwebudiriro iyi, Homo sapiens ine mwero wepamusoro wehungwaru uye kufunga kupfuura marudzi echikuru. Saka, akabva pakufunga kwakaoma kuenda kune mumwe mutauro, kuwedzera pakuvandudza ndangariro nemano okudzidza. Pakupedzisira, uropi hwako hunokupa zvishandiso zvekutanga kugadzirisa uye kurarama munzvimbo dzese.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Homo sapiens uye maitiro ayo.