Hipparchus weNicaea

Munyika yesainzi kwakave nevazhinji masayendisiti avo vanozivikanwa nemipiro yavo mikuru iyo yakabatsira kufambira mberi kukuru. Nhasi tichataura nezvazvo Hipparchus weNicaea. Iye wechiGreek gourmet uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu uyo ​​aizivikanwa nekuunza kufambira mberi kwakawanda mumatavi maviri esainzi. Zvakawanda hazvizivikanwe nezve hupenyu hwake asi zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezvemipiro yake.

Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe kuti Hipparchus wekuNicea aive ani uye zvaakashandisa munyika yezve nyeredzi uye masvomhu.

Nhoroondo yeHipparchus weNicea

Uyu murume akaberekerwa muNicaea, ari iyezvino Turkey, mugore 190 BC Panguva iyoyo, hapana akawanda data aizivikanwa, saka vashoma vanoziva rake rechokwadi biography. Yese data yakaunganidzwa pasayendisiti uyu inoita kunge inoratidza kuti aishanda mutaundi rekwake achidzidza mamiriro emamiriro ekunze egore renzvimbo iyoyo. Rudzi urwu rwebasa raive rakajairika kune vese veGreek vanoongorora nyeredzi venguva iyoyo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti yaishandiswa kuverenga kutanga nekuguma kwemwaka wemvura nedutu.

Pakati pezvakakosha zvakakosha zveHipparchus weNicea tinowana kujekeswa kwekaturakiti yenyeredzi uye kuverenga kwekufungidzira kweiyo equinox. Aigona zvakare kuziva chinhambwe pakati penyika nemwedzi kana aigona kuve aive baba ve trigonometry. Dambudziko nderekuti hapana zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezve hupenyu hwake. Vamwe vanyori vakaita saPtolemy vakasiya manzwiro akanaka kwazvo nezvekutsvaga kwaHipparchus. Mazhinji ehupenyu hwemurume uyu hwehunyanzvi akaitika muRhodes.

Basa guru remumunda raive rekuongorora nyeredzi. Munzvimbo iyi yaifungidzirwa seimwe yeakakosha nekuti panguva iyoyo hapana kana chinhu chaizivikanwa nezveyekudenga. Pakati peimwe yezvaakaita, Hipparchus weNicea Aive mumwe wemapiyona mukugadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwekufamba pakati pemwedzi nezuva. Uye zvakare, akaitisa zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakakwanisa kumisikidza zvakaenzana zviyero. Nyanzvi iyi yakatora mukana wehumwe hunyanzvi hwekuongorora nyeredzi hwakanga hwagadzirwa nemamwe masayendisiti apfuura kubva kuChaldea neBhabhironi. Nekuda kweruzivo urwu, mhando yakanaka yebasa yakawanikwa uye zvavakawana zvakava hwaro hwekutsvagurudza kwakazotevera nevamwe vanoongorora nyeredzi.

Mipiro yaHipparchus yeNicea

Tichaongorora zvakanyatsojeka ndezvipi zvaive zvipo kune sainzi zvakaita kuti Hipparchus weNicea ive nemukurumbira. Aionekwa semumwe weasainzi akakosha uye simba rake rakatora kwemazana emakore. Kunyangwe kukosha kwemusayendisiti uyu, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve hupenyu hwake. Pabasa rese raakaita, rakangopona kusvika nanhasi mumwe wavo anozivikanwa nezita rekuti Commentary pamusoro paAratus naEudoxus.

Tichifunga nezvekushomeka kwezvapupu munzvimbo dzakananga dzinosimbisa kuti zvipo zvavo zvainakidza, taizotarisa zvinyorwa zvaPtolemy naStrabo. Yekutanga, kunyanya, yakadzokororazve Hipparchus muAlmagest yake, chiitiko chikuru chekuongorora nyeredzi chakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechipiri AD. Kunyangwe hazvo pasina zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezve hupenyu hwake, kune vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanotaura kuti Hipparchus akavaka nzvimbo yekuongorora nyeredzi muRhodes iyo yaaigona kusimudzira tsvagiridzo yake. Dambudziko rekusaziva zvakawanda nezvazvo nderekuti zvaisazivikanwa kuti ndeapi maturusi aakashandisa kusimudzira tsvagiridzo yake. Ichi chinhu chakakosha pakumisikidza nhungamiro dzakashanda sehwaro hwezvidzidzo zvakazotevera nevamwe vanoongorora nyeredzi.

Zvakare, tinoona kuti Ptolemy akataura kuti Hipparchus akavaka theodolite kuitira kuti akwanise kuyera angles. Aya ndiwo maitiro aakakwanisa kuverenga chinhambwe pakati pezuva nemwedzi. Sezvambotaurwa, imwe yeakanakisa mafiro ayo Hipparchus weNicea anorangarirwa ndeyokuita katarogu yekutanga yenyeredzi. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina ruzivo rwakawanda nezve nyeredzi. Zvisinei, Hipparchus akawana nyeredzi nyowani iri muboka renyeredzi reScorpio.

Kuwanikwa kwekutsvaga nyeredzi nyowani mudenga kwakamukurudzira zvakaringana kuti agadzire katarogu yaisanganisira dzimwe nyeredzi mazana masere nemazana masere dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Nyeredzi dzese mune ino katarogu Ivo vaive vakapatsanurwa zvinoenderana nekuvhenekera kwavo zvichienderana ne6-saizi system. Iyi nzira yakafanana neiya inoshandiswa nhasi kupatsanura nyeredzi. Akavakawo girobhu rekudenga iro rairatidza nyeredzi nenyeredzi.

Nehurombo, pamusoro pemakore, iyo yekutanga katarogu haina kuchengetedzwa. Zvese zvinozivikanwa nezve iri basa zvinobva pabasa raPtolemy, uyo akashandisa zvidzidzo zvake sehwaro hwekugadzira yake katarogu inozivikanwa seAlmagest. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, Ptolemy aingova nebasa rekuteedzera zvakawanikwa naHipparchus uye akagona kuzvikurisa nezvaakawana.

Kufungidzira kweiyo equinox

Chimwe chezviitiko zveHipparchus weNicaea yaive precession yeiyo equinox. Iko kufamba kunotsanangurwa sekufamba kwemaequinox pamwe neecliptic iyo inokurudzirwa iko kutenderera kwekutanga kweiyo axis yekutenderera kwepasi. Hipparchus paainyora bhuku rake renyeredzi, akaona kuti dzimwe nyeredzi dzaifamba zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe zviyero zvakapfuura. Chokwadi ichi chakamuita kuti afungisise kuti dzaive nyeredzi here dzaifamba kana pasi rakashandura nzvimbo yaro. Uku kufungidzira kwakamutungamira kuti amise kufamba kunonzi precession. Kufambisa uku kunoonekwa zvakanyanya senge rudzi rwekudzungudza kunokanganisa kutarisisa kwedivi repasi rekutenderera. Kutenderera kwega kwega kunosanganisira makore makumi maviri nemakumi mairi nemakumi manomwe nemaviri.

Mushure mekufamba kwekutenderera uye kushandurwa kwepasi, chirevo ichi ndicho chechitatu chiitiko chakawanikwa. Chikonzero chekufamba uku imhedzisiro yegiravhiti pakati pezuva nemwedzi pasi. Iri simba regiravhiti rinokanganisa iyo equatorial bulge yepasi.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezveHipparchus weNicea uye nemipiro yake kusainzi.