Glaciations

Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kukanda kusahadzika kukuru pane zvakawanikwa nesainzi nezve glaciations. Uye chinhu ndechekuti mu2004 takave nechando chakanyanya kutonhora, nemvura shoma uye nemoto wesango wakapararira pasirese. Aya maidi akagadzira gakava mukati mesainzi nezve kutenderera kwemhepo uye nenjodzi dzinogona kuve dzakabatana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kune avo vari kutsigira kuti kudziya kwepasirese hachisi chinhu chiri kukonzereswa nevanhu, asi icho chinoenderana nechero rekufamba kwekupedzisira glaciation iyo pasi redu rine nguva nenguva.

Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve glaciation uye hukama hwavo nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Oscillations mumatembiricha

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mukati mezana ramakore rapfuura mamiriro ekunze epasi akasangana newedzero yetembiricha. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kuwanda kwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye mamwe magasi ekupisa nekwanisi yekuchengetedza kupisa mumhepo. Dambudziko nderekuti kune vanhu vanoti pasi redu rine macirculations echando. Ichokwadi kuti mukushanduka kwepasi redu pave paine macirculations echando uye epakati- echando nguva. Nekudaro, dambudziko rinotanga patinoisa musiyano kuti tiongorore kumhanya kweizi glaciation uye nekudziya kwepasi pamberi pavo.

Sezvinoonekwa mune kuverenga nguva kweiyo glaciation, iyo yatinozoona gare gare, iyo nguva inopfuura pakati peimwe glaciation uye imwe yakareba kwenguva yakakwana kuti mhuka dzese nemiti yemiti uye morphology yezvisikwa zvigadzirise shanduko mu zvakatipoteredza. Mune ino kesi, isu tiri kutaura nezvayo kuwedzera kwetembiricha yepasirese yepasi munguva pfupi. Yakapfupi nguva uye mhando hadzina nguva yekugadzirisa uye dzinotanga kudzikisa huwandu hwadzo. Uku ndiko kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu zvekuti vazhinji vavo vakatsakatika.

Kuti tibvise kusahadzika kwese, tichaisa patafura zvimwe zvine chokwadi nezve zvakapfuura uye zvakawanikwa nesainzi. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinounza pamwechete ese masisitimu echisimba anoita kunge anokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze epasi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa kuti, zvakazvimiririra kubva pesimba rezviitiko zvevanhu, vesaenzi vanobvuma sekukonzeresa kwechisikirwo kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze iwo mahombekombe makuru kubvunda kweNyika yepasi kutenderera. Shanduko mukutenderera kwepasi kutenderera zuva zvakawedzerwawo kune izvi. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo seti yekufamba inoshandura kugoverwa kwesimba iro redu rinotambira kubva kuzuva.

Mazera echando uye shanduko mukutenderera kwepasi

Kuti uzive iyo nguva yechando uye iyo yepakati glaciers, zvinorehwa tembiricha yegore rinofanirwa kuongororwa kubva kune geological maonero. Dzidziso yaMilankovitch ndiyo inoruramisa kuti pane shanduko mumamiriro ekunze epuraneti mushure mekuonekwa kweGlaciations nguva nenguva. Pano ndipo pakaonekwa makuru mazera echando uye nhambo diki dzekupindirana. Parizvino tiri panguva yekudyidzana.

Iyi nguva ye glaciation inoitika nekuda kwe mubatanidzwa wematatu macosmicic mairi kutenderera kwePasi kunochinja kubva padenderedzwa kuenda kune elliptical uye zvinopesana. Iko kune rekodhi yekuti imwe yekutanga cosmic kutenderera yakaitika pakati pe90.000 ne100.000 makore apfuura. Ndipo apo nyika payakachinja kutenderera kwayo kubva padenderedzwa kuenda kune elliptical uye zvinopesana. Imwe cosmic kutenderera kwakaitika angangoita makore zviuru makumi maviri nematanhatu uye ndokuona kudzikira kweiyo Nyika yepasi yekutenderera. Pakupedzisira, kumwe kutenderera kwepasirose kwakaitika kwamakore makumi mana nemana mana ekuti kutenderera kweNyika akabatana zvine chekuita nendege yekutenderera inosimuka pakati pe26.000 ne41.000 madigiri.

Cosmic macircuit

Dzese idzi shanduko mukufamba uye axis yepasi ndivo vanogadzira makuru echando. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa mune izvo zvikamu izvo kutenderera kwepasi kunotenderera nekukasira kana shanduko dzikaitika mukati megore. Nekudaro, kana iyo orbit iri elliptical, kune padhuze padhuze pane dzimwe nguva dzegore. Parizvino, isu tinoziva kuti denderedzwa repasi zvine chekuita nezuva rakareba, kunyangwe risiri pakukwirira kwaro kunze kwekusaziva. Kana ivhu rikapfuura neperihelion, inova nzvimbo yekutenderera padyo nezuva, inoitika pakutanga kwaNdira. Iyi ndiyo nguva yechando kuchamhembe kwenyika. Kune rimwe divi, kana iri aphelion, iri muzhizha kuchamhembe hemisphere, kunyangwe iri munzvimbo yayo iri kure kwazvo.

Iwo macircular macircle anonongedzera sei ino gadziriro inoshanduka, pamusoro penguva yakati perihelion inoitika inowirirana neiyo austral yechando panzvimbo yeye inobereka imwe. Naizvozvo, zvinozivikanwa kuti kiyi pesvedzero yeiyi orbital shanduko pakuonekwa glaciation inobvumirana neMilankovitch modhi. Uye ndezvekuti zvese zvinoita senge zvine chekuita nenguva iyo kutenderera kuri denderedzwa uye chinhambwe kubva pasi chisina kumbosiyana. Mune ino mamiriro, kupisa kunopisa senge ikozvino hakuitike. Kune rimwe divi, mumatanho umo iyo orbit iri elliptical uye ine yayo yepamusoro eccentricity, inopisa zhizha senge zvazvino kuitika.

Kana iyo orbit iri yakatenderera inodzivirira sinou kuti isanyungudike uye zvishoma nezvishoma inoungana gore negore. Izvi zvinogadzika pasi rakanangana nezera idzva rechando. Izvi zvinokweverwa semhedzisiro yekuti chii chinogadza glaciations haisi iyo inotonhora nguva yechando, asi inotonhora kwazvo zhizha. Kubva pano ruzivo rwunoburitswa kuti nekuda kwezhizha rinotonhorera, iyo chando pamusoro haingauye kubva uye gore rega rega polar ice cap inowedzera muukobvu kusvika pakupera kwechando zera.

Anozivikanwa mazera echando paPasi

Aya ndiwo akasiyana glaciations ayo akaziva pasi redu munhoroondo yese:

• Yekutanga glaciation inozivikanwa se Huronian. Izvo zvakaitika makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 2.400 apfuura. Yakatora makore angangoita mazana matatu emamirioni uye ndiyo yaive yakareba kupfuura ese.
• Yechipiri glaciation inozivikanwa se Cryogenic. Iyo ingangove yakanyanya kuomarara uye yakaitika angangoita makore mazana masere mazana masere nemakumi mashanu apfuura. Yaiva nemhosva yekuzotevera kweCambrian kuputika.
• Yechitatu glaciation inozivikanwa se Andean-Saharan. Izvo zvakaitika makore angangoita mazana mana nemakumi matanhatu emakore apfuura.
• Yechina glaciation inonzi zita karoo uye zvakaitika makore mazana matatu nemakumi matatu apfuura.
• Mune yazvino glaciation, inonzi Quaternary glaciation, Yakaona nguva dzegirazi makore angangoita zviuru makumi mana.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve glaciation.