Democritus aiva muzivi wechiGiriki akararama makore akapoteredza XNUMXth BC. Akaberekerwa muAbdera, guta riri pamhenderekedzo yeAegean mune yava kunzi Greece. Akanga ari nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muzivi uyo, pamwe chete naLeucippus weMireto, akaita mupiro mukuru kusayenzi yemazuva ano nedzidziso yeatomu.
Muchinyorwa chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve akatamiswa, biography yake uye mabasa ake.
Biography
Democritus aibva kumhuri yakapfuma uye akawana dzidzo yakanaka yemasvomhu, mimhanzi, nhetembo, uye uzivi. Anoonekwa semumwe weanotangira kufunga kwesainzi uye huzivi hwepanyama. Dzidziso yake huru yaive yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti zvese zviri mu chadenga chaiumbwa nezvinhu zviduku zvikuru zvinonzi maatomu. Aidavira kuti maatomu aya akanga ari ekusingaperi, asingaparadzanisiki, uye asingaoneki.
Democritus aive mudiki pane Protagoras, mufambidzani ane mukurumbira waakambotaura naye, uye maererano neane masimba, Democritus akafa pazera ramakore zana. Sezviri pachena akaita nzendo dzefundo dzakawanda muEgypt neAsia. Zvisinei, isu hatizivi chinhu pamusoro pake, kana nezvehukama hwake nevateveri vePythagoras, nzvimbo yeAtenean uye chiremba Hippocrates, sezvo zvinyorwa zvekare zvinongotiudza nezveDemocritus. Kusiyana naHeraclitus, tsika dzinomupenda somuzivi anoseka upenzi hwevanhu.
Democritus akatsigirawo pfungwa yokuti chadenga chaigara chichichinja uye kuti zvinhu zvose zvaifamba. Aidavira kuti zivo yaiwanika nokucherechedza uye noruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kuti zvokwadi yakanga ine ganhuriro.
Pasinei nekupa kwake kukuru pakufunga kwefilosofi, Democritus aive asina kuzivikanwa zvakanyanya munguva yake sevamwe vazivi vakadai saPlato kana Aristotle.. Nekudaro, nhaka yake yakazivikanwa munhoroondo yehuzivi uye nesainzi yemazuva ano.
Democritus's atomic modhi
Iyo atomiki modhi ndiyo inonyanya kumiririra yesainzi iyi. Izvi ndizvo zvekutanga zveDemocritus's atomic modhi:
- Maatomu haaonekwe nenyama.
- Pane nzvimbo isina chinhu pakati peatomu imwe neimwe.
- Maatomu haaparadziki.
- Maatomu ari kuramba achifamba.
- Kune marudzi akawanda emaatomu.
Nekuda kwezvichemo izvi, Vazivi vanodavira kuti kusimba kwechinhu kunoenderana nemhando dzemaatomu anochigadzira uye zvisungo zviri pakati peatomu idzodzo. Saka vanofungidzira kuti maatomu ari mumvura akasiyana neari mudombo, semuenzaniso.
Kuti atsanangure muenzaniso wake, Democritus anotsemura dombo, zvinoreva kuti kana akaricheka nepakati, achawana matombo maviri akafanana, uye kana akaramba achidzokorora kuvhiyiwa uku, anowana dombo rakasiyana mukati medombo kusvika padanho ravanoda. vaigona kuderedza zvimwe. Chikwata ichi chinozivikanwa seatomu. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti modhi yacho ndeye mechanistic uye inongofunga chisungo chiri pakati peatomu.
Zvisinei, modhi yacho yaitonhorera panguva iyoyo, uye zvakatora makore 2200 XNUMX kuti imwe atomu yemuenzaniso yaitevera iwirirane nenzanga yesainzi. Democritus inoonekwa sebaba veatomu, uye kunyangwe iri muenzaniso wekare kana uchienzaniswa nezvatinoziva izvozvi, inouya zvinoshamisa pedyo nemupiro wemuenzaniso watinotenda iye zvino kuti wakarurama.
Uyu muenzaniso unonyanya kufadza kana tichifunga kuti unobva kune vazivi vasina kukwanisa kuedza semasayendisiti emazuva ano. Pfungwa yacho yakatorwa gare gare.
atomic dzidziso
Democritus uye mudzidzisi wake Leucippus ndivo vakagadzira pfungwa iyi. Iri boka revazivi vechiGiriki rakatanga chikoro chouzivi chaizivikanwa seatomism, chaiti zvinhu zvose zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri, maatomu uye kusava nechinhu. Kunyangwe iyi modhi iri yehuzivi zvachose uye isina hwaro mufizikisi, iri fungidziro yakanaka kwazvo. Kuzvidavirira kune zvakasiyana zvinhu, nyanzvi dzeatomu dzinodavira kuti kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emaatomu ane nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pakati pawo. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeatomu dzine mhando dzakasiyana dzemaumbirwo.
Imwe pfungwa yepakati yeatomu ndeyekuti maatomu haaonekwe mumuviri, kunyangwe iwo ari geometrically disible. Uyezve, maatomu haaparadziki uye anogara achifamba. Kunyange zvazvo Democritus neatomu zvakagamuchirwa munguva yake, kwaiva nevamwe vazivi vakatanhamara vasingabvumirani nenharo dzake.
Kusawirirana naPlato
Plato anogona kunge akave nekukakavadzana kwake naDemocritus, sezvo aida kuti zvinyorwa zvake zvese zvibviswe, zvisinei nenharo dzehuzivi pamusoro pake. Pane kudaro, mudzidzi waPlato, Aristotle, kunyange zvazvo asina kubvumirana nezvinyorwa zveDemocritus, aiziva kuti inogona kuvapo. Aristotle aiti zvinhu zvinokosha pasi, moto, mhepo, uye mvura hazvina kugadzirwa nemaatomu. Kunyange zvazvo nharo dzake dzaive dzakanyatsopesana neatomu yaDemocritus, kusanganisira nadzo mubhuku rake rinoratidza kuti vazivi vechiGiriki vakachenjera vakakoshesa atomu.
Gare gare, vamwe vazivi, vakadai saEpicurus nomudzidzi wake Lucretius, vakadzokera kuatomu, asi nedzimwe shanduko. Democritus aive nemakore makumi mapfumbamwe ekuzvarwa uye anofungidzirwa kuti akafa makore akapoteredza 90 BC. Kunyangwe vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vasingabvumirani uye vachiti akararama kusvika 104 kana 109 BC. Pasinei nezuva rekufa kwake, Democritus aiyemurwa nemasayendisiti emarudzi ose muzana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX, avo vakashamiswa nekufanana pakati pehupenyu hwake hwehuzivi uye zviwanikwa zvepakutanga uye dzidziso dzeatomu.
Mabasa eDemocritus
Mabasa eDemocritus haawanzo kununurwa uye zvakaoma kuziva kuti ndechipi chikamu cheatomu chinoenderana naye uye chii chakasikwa nemudzidzisi wake Leucippus weMiletus, saka. muzvinyorwa zvakawanda vanotaurwa nezvavo sevagadziri vedzidziso. Nekudaro, vazivi vakakosha venguva yakadai saPlato kana Aristotle vainyanya kutaura nezveDemocritus. Kunyange zvazvo pasina ruzivo rwakawanda, zvakanaka kutaura kuti kune imwe ikozvino paatomu munguva dzekare, muIndia, chikoro cheVaisha chefilosofi uye Jainism chaiva nemafungiro eatomu akafanana neaDemocritus.
Sezvauri kuona, nhasi tine ruzivo rwakakura nezve maatomu nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Nekudaro, zvinoshamisa kuti Democritus aive nemaonero akadaro makore anopfuura 2.000 apfuura. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve biography yeDemocritus uye kuti chii chaaive nacho.