Mukati megeology pane bazi rinotarisa pakufunda nezvekristalline nyaya iyo inogadzira zvakasikwa. Ndezve iyo crystallography. Iyo sainzi inobata nekufunda iyo mitemo iyo inotonga kuumbwa kwemakristaro, avo ejometri, kemikari uye epanyama zvivakwa. Sezvo paine akasiyana maitiro emakristasi, crystallography yakakamurwa kuita akati wandei matavi.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese hunhu, zvidzidzo uye kukosha kwecrystallography.
Matavi e crystallography
Sezvo iri sainzi inotsvaga kuumbwa kwemakristaro uye ese avo ejometri, makemikari uye epanyama zvimiro, matavi akasiyana anoiswa.
- Geometric crystallography. Inotarisa pakudzidza kwemajometri mafomu.
- Kemikari crystallography kana Chemical crystallography. Seizvo zita rinoratidzira rinotarisa pamakemikari emakristasi.
- Panyama crystallography kana Panyama crystallography. Inotarisa pakudzidza mamiriro epanyama emakristasi.
Mune iyo geometric crystallography chikamu, iyo yekunze morphology yemakristasi uye kuenzanisa kwezvikamu zvavo zvinodzidzwa. Iyo symmetry yemambure ayo anogadzira iyo kristaro inofungidzirwawo. Naizvozvo, harungori chete rudzi rweiyo visu sainzi, asi mamaikorosikopu ane simba anodawo. Kana chinhu chekristalline chikarapwa kubva kune macroscopic maonero, inofanirwa kutariswa seyakafanana uye inoenderera iri pakati. Iyo ine anisotropic uye symmetric hunhu. Ndipo apo kana uchidzidza kuenzanisa kwemakristasi kunofanirwa kurapwa seyakafanana uye isina kusimba svikiro ine yakasarudzika hunhu zvichienderana nekwakatangira iko kuumbwa.
Kana isu tichidzidza kemikari crystallography isu tinotarisa pane kurongeka kwemaatomu mune chekristalline nyaya. Ndokunge, inotarisa pakudzidza zvemukati nekunze chimiro chekristaro. Mune ino kesi, zvakafanira kuunza pfungwa yekristaro chaiyo sezvo zvichidikanwa kuti utarise kusakwana kungave nako, zvinopesana nezvinoitika nejometri crystallography. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti crystallography ibazi rinobva mukudzidza kwezvicherwa.
Mune geology kuumbwa uye kuumbwa kwematombo uye zvicherwa kunoongororwa. Chikamu chinotarisa mukudzidza kwezvicherwa uye mineralogy. Sezvo zvicherwa zvakawanda zviri zvechokwadi makristasi zvichienderana nekwaanobva, inozvarwa kubva kubazi rekristalllography.
Chekupedzisira, kana isu tichidzidza yepanyama crystallography isu tinotarisa pane hunhu hwekristaro. Kana izvi zvimiro zvemuviri zvave kuongororwa, kuyedza kunoitwa kuenderana nekemikari kuumbwa uye chimiro. Nenzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kuwana ruzivo kubva kukristaro yese.
Zvakarurama Mineralogy
Sezvatakambotaura, mineralogy chikamu chesainzi mukati megeology inoitisa kudzidza zvicherwa. Iine hukama hwepedyo nekristalllography sezvo ichiongorora makemikari, chimiro chekristaro, zvimiro zvemuviri uye mamiriro egenesis emakristasi nezvimwe zvicherwa.
Iyo mineralogy Vanogona kukamurwa kuita kemikari, yemuviri uye yemagineral mineralogy. Kune mamwewo marudzi eakashandiswa mineralogy senge yekumisikidza, inotsanangura mineralogy uye mineralogenesis.
Chemistry inoitisa chidzidzo chemakemikari zvivakwa zvemaminerari. Muchikamu chemuviri mineralogy, inotarisa pakudzidza kweanogadzira, emagetsi, emagetsi uye emagetsi magineti emaminerari akasiyana.
Ramba uchifunga kuti mineralogy yakazvarwa seyakaiswa sainzi mukati megeology. Kushandiswa kwayo kwaive kwakatsaurirwa zvizere kune zvicherwa zvakaiswa izvo zvaive zvinobatsira kumunhu. Kudzidza kwekubatsira kweumwe neumwe uye kukura kwawo kwakakwana kubva panguva dzekare kwakaita chinhu chinotsanangurwa chemaminerari matsva akawanikwa chinhu chakakosha. Nenzira iyi mabasa ekutanga anobata zvicherwa anomiririrwa. Pakutanga Aristotle Bhuku reMatombo raivapo muna 315 BC. Rome de l'Isle uye Haüy mitemo pamusoro pehunhu hwekristalline nyaya inobvumidzwa kunatsiridza zvakanyanya nzira dzemamineralogical ekumisikidza.
Uye ndezvekuti madomasi echinyakare aive akavakirwa pane rondedzero yezvinhu zvemuviri zvinonyanya kuratidzwa uye zvinogona kucherechedzwa mune zvicherwa. Zvese izvi zvichitarisa kuti hazvidi kushandisa michina yakaoma uye yakaomarara kuratidza hunhu hwemaminerari kana kristaro iri kutaurwa. Gare gare, nekushandiswa kweiyo polarization microscope, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakatenderwa muhunyanzvi hwekuchera zvicherwa nekristaro.
Kuumbwa mukristalllography uye mineralogy
Iko kudzidza uye kutsunga kwemakemikari ekuumbwa kwakakosha mune dzese crystallography uye mineralogy zvidzidzo. Nekudaro, iyi kemikari inogadzirwa chete hazvina kukwana kuti uone zvese zvicherwa nemakristasi aripo. Uye kune zvimwe zvirevo zvinochinjika senge mica, machlorite, garnet uye zeolites uye mamwe maminera akasiyana anoenderana nemakemikari akafanana emakemikari akaumbwa. Semuenzaniso, isu tine dhaimani uye graphite, ayo akasiyanasiyana zvicherwa asi neakafanana makemikari akaumbwa. Iko kune zvakare aragonite uye calcite.
Kuberekwa kwesainzi inonzi crystallography kunoonekwa seyo nguva iyo Stensen inopa kuomarara kwemakona dihedral ezviso zvemakristani equartz. Kubva ipapo zviwanikwa zvinotevera zvinova zvakajairika. Uye ndezvekuti paive nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvezvinhu uye mukana wekuongororwa kwemakemikari kwakapa kukakavara kuzhinji munyika yekristalllography.
Iko kristaro hachisi chinhu chinopfuura chakasimba mukristaro mamiriro ayo pasi pemamwe mamiriro ekuumbwa anoonekwa mune chimiro che polyhedron. Imwe yeakanyanya hunhu hwekristaro ndeyekuti ichave inoganhurirwa nekristaro zviso.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzegirazi, ngatione zvazviri:
- Kristaro imwe chete: inotsanangurwa sekristaro imwe chete. Imwe yeakadzika makristani inoumba imwe kristaro.
- Crystal uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa: inotsanangurwa seboka remakristasi madiki anokura pamwechete. Vanogona kuoneka nenzira dzakasiyana.
- Crystal chimiro: Iyo ndiyo periodic uye yakarongedzwa kurongedzwa kwematanho matatu muchadenga akaumbwa nemaatomu eiyo yakasimba mune yekristalline nyika.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve crystallography uye zvazvinodzidza.