Pakati pemaumbirwo ejoloji atinowana panyika yedu tine craton. Izwi rekuti craton rinoshandiswa kusiyanisa yakagadzikana yemukati chikamu chekondinendi crust kubva kune idzo matunhu orogenic, ari mutsara mabhandi ekuunganidzira uye / kana kukukurwa kwepasi pasi pasi uye / kana kusimudzwa.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve craton, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
Continental goko
Iyo continental crust yasakara uye yakakukurwa uye ine matombo ekare egneous uye metamorphic. Matombo ePost-archaic anochengeta kuremerwa kwakapetwa kwemamwe kana mashoma metamorphic sedimentary matombo. Okutanga ari panzvimbo yakati sandara, inenge yakati sandara, uye ekupedzisira ndiwo Makomo. Craton kana cratogen (kubva kuGreek Kraton, zvinoreva kuti mbiya yakadzika kwazvo) inyika yakakura yasvika pamamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudaro munhoroondo yenzvimbo dziri kure. Kubva ipapo, haina kutambura kupatsanurwa kana deformation nekuti haina kukanganiswa ne orogenic kufamba. Nechikonzero ichi, macratons anoita kunge akati sandarara, kana kuti ane denderedzwa mabhesi-relief, uye anowanzo matombo ekare. Craton yepasi pemvura inonzi nesocratons.
Chii chinonzi craton
Izwi rekuti craton rinoshandiswa kusiyanisa zvakagadzikana zvikamu zvemukati zvekondinendi crust kubva kumabhandi eorogenic (continental margins, sediments uye orogenic mabheseni), ari mutsetse kuunganidzwa uye / kana nzvimbo dzekukukurwa kwevhu (mabheseni) zvichienderana nekudzika. Uye / kana kusimudzira (makomo). Iyo yakafara yepakati craton yekondinendi inogona kuumbwa nenhovo uye mapuratifomu epasi, pamwe chete nemabhesi egirazi. Iyo nhovo chikamu checraton, umo Precambrian matombo anowanikwa zvakanyanya pamusoro. Kusiyana neizvi, chikuva chepasi chakafukidzwa neyakachinjika sediments uye sublevels.
Iyo nhovo inzvimbo yekondinendi inoumbwa nematombo akaumbwa munguva yePrecambrian, iyo yakanga isina kuvharwa negungwa. Nhoo inoumbwa nematombo ekare epasi, granitization uye metamorphism. Kubva pavakabva, vakagadzikana uye vanochengeta kuomarara kwavo.
Iyo nyaya yekuti havana kumbonyudzwa nekuda kwekudarika imhaka yekuti vakatambura vertical tectonic movements. Havana kuona kupetwa nekuti vairamba kurovererwa kwese kwese. Shields anowanzo kuve negneous uye metamorphic matombo akafumurwa pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura, ine zvimiro zvakatsiga uye mashoma orogenic zviitiko. Muzviitiko zvese, matombo aya ane makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 570 ekare, uye mamwe anotangira makore 200 kusvika ku3,5 bhiriyoni apfuura.
Nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo, kukurwa kwevhu kunodzikamisa chimiro chenhoo zhinji dzekondinendi. Nekudaro, iwo anowanzo kuve neakanaka akakomberedzwa uye anogona kukomberedzwa nenzvimbo dzakafukidzwa netsvina dzinonzi Continental masherufu. Nzvimbo dzisina chinhu, mapuratifomu akafukidzwa uye mabhesi ekristaro pamwechete anoumba chikamu chakagadzikana chekondinendi crust inoumba nhovo kana craton.
Nhoo nekukosha kwadzo
Nhoo inowanzova musimboti wekondinendi, uye yakawanda yacho yakasungwa nekapeta bhandi reCambrian rematombo. Mabhandi aya akaiswa kumucheto kwenhoo yepasi yakagara iripo, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kukura kwekondinendi yepakutanga yavakaumba. Micheto yenhovo inobatwa ne tectonic simba, iyo inoparadza uye inovakazve, pamwe chete necraton mavari.
Craton inhengo yakakura yezvimiro zvepasi, inoumbwa nenhamba huru yematombo akatsiga. kazhinji igneous uye / kana metamorphic matombo. Dzimwe nguva inofukidzwa nediki sediments. Iyo yakajairika craton ndiyo Canadian Shield (Precambrian). Mapasuru enyika anonzi "oceanic" kana "underwater" cratons anogona kusasangana netsanangudzo iyi. "Craton" ishoko rinofanana nerekuti nhoo.
Iyo craton chikamu chakatsiga chemukati mekondinendi, inoratidzwa nekuumbwa nematombo ekare ekristaro epasi. Izwi rokuti craton rinoshandiswa kusiyanisa nzvimbo idzi kubva kune migero inofamba, ayo ari mabhandi emutsara emarara akaiswa. Iyo hombe yepakati craton yekondinendi inogona kuumbwa nezvinhu zviviri: nhovo yepasi uye chikuva. Iyo nhovo chikamu checraton, umo (kazhinji) matombo epasi pePrecambrian anoratidzwa zvakanyanya pamusoro pepamusoro. Kusiyana neizvi, pachikuva, iyo yepasi kana sublevel level yakafukidzwa nesediment.
Cratons yeParaguay
Craton ine nucleus yasakara. Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwekufamba, vanobatana kuita kondinendi. Zvisinei, hadzisi nguva dzose dzinooneka pamusoro. Paraguay ine rwizi Apa Craton (kubva kuchamhembe) uye Tebicuary (kubva kumaodzanyemba). Pazasi peChaco pane "Pampia" Craton, iyo yakaparadzaniswa kubva kuRío de la Plata uye Craton de La Plata.
Iyo Transbrasiliano Lineamiento inzvimbo yesuture, yemubatanidzwa, yekudhumhana kwekondinendi uko macratons akabatana, uye ine kuenderera kusvika West Africa, ichipfuura nepakati penharaunda yeBrazil. Iyi yekutanga-yakarongeka, se suture, yakabva kuLower Cambrian (528 mamiriyoni emakore) apo Gondwana yakaumbwa.
Pane kukakavara kana Tebicuary River craton iri yeRío de la Plata kana kwete, kana kuti Paraná (pazasi pegomba reParaná) iri bhuroka rakasiyana kubva kuRío de la Plata. Nekudaro, iyo yakanyanya kugamuchirwa modhi inoratidzwa pano.
Musiyano pakati pecraton, basin uye fault
Iyo craton inzvimbo yakagadzikana yekondinendi crust uye haina kuwana yakawanda orogenic tectonics kana ndiro kwenguva refu. Iyo craton ine crystalline base ye Precambrian rock inowanzodaidzwa kuti nhovo uye chikuva pachiri pakachinjika kana padyo-chakatwasuka matombo kana sedimentary matombo akakomberedza nhovo.
Mabheseni idepressions mugoko inoumbwa neplate tectonic basa, uko madhamu anoungana. Iko kushingirira kwekuisa kunoburitsa imwe dhigirii yegomba kana kudzikira. Sedimentary mabheseni, kana mabheseni kwenguva pfupi, anogona kuve akaita sedhiramu kana kurebesa zvakanaka. Kana iyo yakafumiswa hydrocarbon sosi matombo akasanganiswa pasi pemamiriro enguva yakakwana uye kudzika kwekuvigwa, mafuta uye gasi zvinogona kugadzirwa mubheseni.
Pakupedzisira, mhosva ndeye kukanganisika kana kuti laminar surface iripo mune brittle rock padivi pacho pane zvinoonekwa kutama. Zvichienderana nehukama hwekufamba pakati pematombo, kana kukanganisa, kumativi ose emhosva, kufamba kwavo kunotsanangurwa seyakananga (kana yakajairika), reverse, kana course displacement.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve craton uye maitiro ayo.