Chokwadi kana iwe uchinzwa nezve iyo gomba mune iyo ozone layer iyo magasi anoitisa ayo kuverenga. Chinhu chikuru chemakemikari chakonzera kudzikira kwehusungwa hweozone yemhepo ndiyo chlorofluorocarbons. Idzi ndidzo gaseous chemakemikari zvinhu zvakashandiswa kubva payakatanga muna 1928. Iwo anozivikanwawo nechidimbu cheCFC. Ivo vakaongororwa zvakadzama uye vakaratidza kuti zvivakwa zvavo zvakaisa pangozi kwete chete hutano hweveruzhinji asiwo ozone layer. Naizvozvo, kushandiswa kwayo kwakarambidzwa.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza izvo chlorofluorocarboni ari, ndeapi maitiro uye nei vachiparadza ozone layer.
Chii chinonzi chlorofluorocarbons
Aya ndiwo makemikari akaumbwa nekabhoni, fluorine, uye maatomu echlorine. Saka izita rayo. Aya maatomu ndeweboka re mahaarabhoni ari iro boka remagasi haana chepfu kana anopisa. Ivo vakatanga kwenguva yekutanga muna 1928 seimwe nzira yezvinhu zvakasiyana zvemakemikari zvaishandiswa mumafiriji. Dzakazoshandiswa senge zvinotsvaira zvipembenene, pendi, zvinogadzirisa bvudzi, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza hutano.
Pakati pe50s uye 60s ivo vaishandiswa mumhepo inogadzirisa dzimba, mota uye mahofisi. Zvese izvi zvinoshandiswa zvakakonzera chlorofluorocarbons kuwedzera pasirese. Panguva iyoyo kushandiswa kwemakemikari aya kwakawedzera neinenge miriyoni metric matani aigadzirwa gore rega kubva muUnited States chete. Gare gare yakawedzera mashandisiro ayo zvakanyanya. Yakasvika padanho zvekuti yakashandiswa se aerosol, refrigerant iri, ichivhuvhuta mumiririri wemaputi, kuputira zvinhu uye mune zvinogadziriswa.
Kazhinji zvigadzirwa chlorofluorocarbon
Makemikari aya haana sosi yekubva kwaanobva. Iwo makemikari akagadzirwa nevanhu kune akawanda mashandisiro. Ivo aishandiswa semafriji, zvinowedzeredza uye maindasitiri solvents ekugadzirwa kwemafuro. Yakashandawo semumiriri wekuchenesa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi Kushandiswa kwayo kwaive kwakakanganisa iyo ozone layer yakawedzera zvakanyanya munguva pfupi. Aya magasi aizivikanwa kuparadza stratospheric ozone kusvika padanho rekuti inokuvadza yezuva ultraviolet radiation inogona kusvika pamusoro.
Pakati pezvakakurumbira chlorofluorocarbon zvigadzirwa isu tine zvinotevera:
- Refrigerant iri mumhepo inodzora.
- Mafiriji.
- Propellants mune maaerosols.
- Inhalers kudzora asima. Gare gare izvi zvakarambidzwa kudzikisa kukanganisa kwe stratosphere.
- Haloalkanes mundege.
- Zvinonyungudutsa zvinoda mafuta nekukurumidza.
Mhedzisiro yakaipa ye chlorofluorocarbons mudenga
Sezvambotaurwa, aya makemikari aizivikanwa nekukuvadza iyo ozone layer. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yakawanda yemwaranzi ye ultraviolet kubva kuzuva inogona kupfuura ne stratosphere uye yosvika pamusoro penyika. Izvo zvakaonekwa kuva nezvakawanda zvakashata zvakakanganisa pahutano hwedu pachedu. Uye ndezvekuti, pakubata nemakemikari akasiyana-siyana ane chemikemikari inert, zvaifungidzirwa kuti hazvizokuvadza mumhepo. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva zvakaonekwa kuti yakaita nemwaranzi yeultraviolet mumhepo, kunyanya mu stratosphere.
Muchikamu ichi chemuchadenga mune hombe hombe yeozone inotibatsira kudzikisa mwaranzi yeultraviolet inobva kuzuva. Iyi hombe hombe ozone inozivikanwa seozone layer. Kana chlorofluorocarbons ikadyidzana nemwaranzi, ivo vanowana kuora kwepolyolytic iyo inotishandura kuita manyowa eorganic chlorine. Kana chlorine yaburitswa muchimiro cheatomu ivo vanokwanisa kudzikamisa kushandurwa kwemamorekuru eozone kuita okisijeni. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inomhanyisa iyo inowanzoitika kemikari maitiro eozone kune oxygen.
Isu tinorangarira kuti molecule ye ozone inoumbwa nemaatomu eokisijeni matatu. Oksijeni yemuchadenga inoumbwa nemaatomu maviri eoksijeni. Nenzira iyi, chlorine inoshanda senge inowedzera kuwedzera mwero uye huwandu hwekuchinja kwemakemikari inoshandura ozone kuita okisijeni. Saka Kusvika pamamorekuru e100.000 ozone anoparadzwa kune imwe atomu yeklorini inosunungurwa. Zvese izvi zvikonzero ndosaka chlorofluorocarboni zvine hukama nekuparadzwa kweiyo ozone layer.
Haisi kuti makemikari aya anonyatsoparadza ozone inowanikwa mu stratosphere, asi asi kuti akasiyana makemikari maitiro anodikanwa kuti iwo aite. Nekudaro, kumhanya uko chlorofluorocarbons ichaburitswa mudenga kwakakonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwe stratospheric ozone kutsakatika. Kutsakatika kweiyo ozone layer kune mhedzisiro inokuvadza uye kunowedzera kusvibiswa kwemakemikari Uye ndeyekuti ozone inoitisa inonaya yakawanda yezuva ye ultraviolet radiation iri pakati pevelengths ye280 ne320 nm uye kuti zvinokuvadza kune zvese zvipenyu zvemhuka nezvinomera uye munhu, hongu.
Ozone hole
Iko kushandiswa kwemakemikari aya muhukuru hukuru kwakakonzera kugadzirwa kwemaburi muozone layer. Hazvirevi kuti kune gomba pacharo risina kukanganiswa kweozone. Idzo dzinongova nzvimbo nzvimbo umo ozone yevasungwa iri pazasi peyakajairwa. Iko kusungirirwa kwakadzikira zvakakwana kusabvumidza radiation yemwaranzi kuti igare munzvimbo iyi uye inopinda pamusoro penyika.
Kunyangwe chlorofluorocarbons ichirambidzwa, nekuti iine makemikari inertness uye haina insoluble, kunyangwe nanhasi, chikamu chikuru chemakemikari akaburitswa mukati memakore apfuura achiri kuwanikwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti vane yakareba hupenyu hunotarisirwa mumhepo. Kubva 1987 iyo Montreal protocol yakaziva makemikari aya seanokuvadza uye zvimwe zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvakabatanidzwa izvo zvakakonzera kana kurambidzwa kwemakemikari aya, sezvo achishandawo segasi rinodziya.
Sezvauri kuona, chlorofluorocarbons ine zvakashata zvakakomba mese mumhepo, pamwe nemhuka, zvirimwa uye nevanhu. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chlorofluorocarbons.