Chikamu chepasi chenyika yedu chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakati kuti zvigadzirise nzvimbo dzakakura. Zvikamu izvi zvinonzi makondinendi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii makondinendi, maitiro api avanawo uye kukosha kwawo.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti makondinendi chii, maitiro avo, uye zvese zvine chekuita ne geology.
chii makondinendi
Kana tichitaura nezvemakondinendi, tinotaura nezvezvikamu zvakakura zvepasi rinobuda mugungwa, zvakakura kunyange kupfuura zvitsuwa zvikurusa.
Izwi rokuti continent rinobva kuLatin continent, kubva kune continental terra kana "continuous land". Asi maitiro ekutsanangura kuti chii kana chisiri kondinendi ndeyenhoroondo uye tsika, saka yakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva, sekushanduka kwayakaita, zvisinei nezviuru zvemakore zvePasi geological nhoroondo. Nzvimbo yemakondinendi uye chinhambwe chiri pakati pawo. Muchokwadi, munguva dzekare, makondinendi ese akaumbwa kuva akati wandei makuru anonzi Pangea, Panodia, nezvimwe.
Nenzvimbo, kondinendi ndiro sangano guru repasi rose, rine zvitsuwa zvakawanda kana zvishoma kubva kumahombekombe zvine nzvimbo pairi.
Makondinendi anoumbwa nekutonhodza kwegoko uye anoumbwa zvakanyanya negranite uye matombo akabatana. kusiyana neoceanic crust, iyo inotungamirirwa nebasalt uye gabbros. Sezvinokarakadza chimiro chazvo chazvino, chitarisiko chavo chokutanga chinoratidzika kuva chakaitika nenzira yakasiana zvikuru, sezvo kukukurwa kwekondinendi kwakaramba kuchifamba, kuparadzanisa, kuvabatanidzazve, uye kuvatsauranisa kwezviuru zvamakore, kuchichinja mamiriro okunze uye chitarisiko chinooneka chepasi.
Ko makondinendi mangani?
Iko hakuna nzira imwechete yekunyora makondinendi, sezvo imwe neimwe yekondinendi modhi ine yayo yekutora pairi. Nokudaro, kune mienzaniso iyo zivisa 4, 5, 6 uye 7 makondinendi, yekupedzisira ichiva inonyanya kuzivikanwa munyika dzinotaura Chirungu. (Africa, Antarctica, South America, Asia, Europe, North America neOceania); uye 6 (kubatanidza United States); uye mune chaiwo geological domains, 5 inogamuchirwa, yakawanda yakafanana netectonic plates (inobatanidza Europe neAsia kune imwe kondinendi, Eurasia).
Munguva ichangopfuura (2017), dzidziso yacho yakaratidza kuti kwaivawo nekondinendi inonzi Zelandia, iyo ingadai yakanyudzwa mumvura yePacific Ocean zviuru zvemakore apfuura.
Africa
Iyo "Black Continent", yakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Black Continent" nekuda kwehukuru hwerudzi rwevagari vayo, ndiyo kondinendi yekutanga yevanhu, nzvimbo iyo Homo sapiens akatanga kuona nyika. Kondinendi yakabatana neAsia neIsthmus yeSuez uye yakaparadzaniswa kubva kuEurope neStrait yeGibraltar neGungwa reMediterranean. Miganhu yayo yegungwa ndeiyi: iyo Atlantic Ocean kumadokero uye Indian Ocean kumabvazuva. Iine nzvimbo inosvika 30.272.922 square kilometers (20,4% yenyika ichiri kusimukira) uye inogara 15% yehuwandu hwepasirese, ine vagari vangangoita mamirioni chiuru, vakapararira pamusoro penyika makumi mashanu neina.
America
Pachinyakare yakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu enzvimbo: Maodzanyemba, Pakati neSouth America, anoumbwa nenyika makumi matatu neshanu, kondinendi iyi inonzi "Nyika Itsva" nekuti kuvepo kwayo muAsia neEurope kwaisazivikanwa kusvika muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu. Yakabva kune hominids yeAsia zviuru zvemakore mushure mekunge yagarwa. Nenzvimbo, maAmerica akaganhurwa negungwa reArctic Ocean kuchamhembe, akaparadzaniswa neAntarctica neDrake Passage kumaodzanyemba, uye akakomberedzwa neAtlantic nePacific Oceans kumabvazuva nekumadokero, zvichiteerana. Ndiyo kondinendi yechipiri munyika ine nzvimbo yakazara ye43.316.000 square kilometers. (yakaenzana ne30,2% yenzvimbo yakashama) uye dzimba dzinenge 12% yehuwandu hwevanhu.
Asia
Kondinendi yakakura uye ine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose, ine nzvimbo ye anenge 45 miriyoni square kilometers (kupfuura 30% yenzvimbo yakafumurwa) uye 4.000 miriyoni vagari (69% yehuwandu hwepasirese) yakapararira pamusoro penyika makumi mana nepfumbamwe, iri kumabvazuva kwehafu yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, yakaganhurwa neArctic Ocean kuchamhembe, Indian Ocean kumaodzanyemba, uye Pacific Ocean kumabvazuva. Kunyangwe nenzvimbo iri kondinendi yakaparadzana, inoumba nyika imwe chete neEurope uye iyo yayakamboita iyo Eurasian supercontinent. Asia inoparadzaniswa neAfrica neIsthmus yeSuez, iyo inosanganisira nhamba huru yezvitsuwa pakati pePacific neIndia makungwa.
Europe
Yakabatana kuAsia munzvimbo imwechete, asi nzvimbo iri kuchamhembe-pakati peNorth Hemisphere, ndiyo kondinendi yeEurope, ine inzvimbo yakazara ye10.530.751 square kilometers (6,8% yenzvimbo yepasi) uye huwandu hwevanhu ve743.704.000 vagari. (chete 11% yehuwandu hwenyika) Yakagoverwa munyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu. Europe yakaganhurwa neGungwa reMediterranean kumaodzanyemba, Atlantic Ocean kumadokero, Asia neMiddle East kumabvazuva, uye Gungwa reBaltic neArctic Ocean kuchamhembe. Kunyangwe hukuru hwayo hudiki, Europe yakaita basa rakakosha mune ramangwana revanhu kubva panguva yekare yekare, kunyanya nekuda kwedzidziso yeimperialism kubva ku50th kusvika kuXNUMXth century.
Oceania
Iyi kondinendi yechitsuwa iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSouthern Hemisphere ndiyo diki pane 9,008,458 square kilometres. Nekudaro, imusha kune vangangoita 40.117.432 vagari vakapararira pamusoro penyika gumi neshanu pasherufu yekondinendi (Australia) uye zvitsuwa zvidiki muPacific Ocean (New Zealand, New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia nePolynesia). Yakaganhurana neIndian Ocean kumadokero, Pacific Ocean kumabvazuva, Antarctica kumaodzanyemba, uye zvitsuwa zveSouth Asia kuchamhembe.
Antarctica
Kumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi yePasi kunenge kuSouth Pole uye ine nzvimbo inosvika 14.000.000 square kilometers, iyo chete 280.000 square kilometers inofukidzwa nechando muzhizha. Saizvozvo, yaive kondinendi yekupedzisira kuwanikwa uye kutorwa nevanhu, yakanga isina huwandu hwayo, yakashanyirwa nevashoma vesainzi, masoja uye nyanzvi, vasingapfuuri vanhu zviuru zvishanu, vakapararira pamusoro pemabhesi makumi matanhatu munyika makumi matatu.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve izvo makondinendi ari uye kuti maitiro avo ndeapi.