Atomic modhi iratidziro ye theoretical iyo masayendisiti akagadzira nekufamba kwenguva kuti aedze kunzwisisa maumbirwo nemafambiro emaatomu, ari iwo mayuniti akakosha anoumba zvinhu. Kutenda kune aya maatomu emhando kuti tine ruzivo rwakakura nezvesainzi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi zvakanaka chii maatomu mamodheru.
Naizvozvo, muchinyorwa chino tichatsanangura kuti maatomu mamodheru ndeapi, ndeechii, akatanga sei, uye anobatsira sei.
Chii maatomu mamodheru
Yakasiyana graphical inomiririra yeatomu chimiro uye basa inonzi maatomu modhi. Iyo atomiki modhi yakagadziridzwa munhoroondo yevanhu kubva papfungwa pamusoro pekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa munguva yega yega.
Atomu ndicho chikamu chidiki chechimwe chemakemikari chinochengetedza hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana. Munhoroondo yese, masayendisiti akasiyana-siyana uye vazivi vakakurudzira mhando dzeatomu dzakasiyana, imwe neimwe yakavakirwa paruzivo neruzivo rwuripo panguva iyoyo. Imwe yemhando dzekutanga yaive yakatsanangurwa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Democritus, uyo akataura kuti nyaya yaive nezvikamu zvisingaonekwe zvinonzi "atomu," izvo muchiGiriki zvinoreva "asingaonekwi."
Democritus's atomic modhi
Iyo "Cosmic Atomic Theory" yakavambwa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Democritus uye muperekedzi wake Leucippus. Panguva iyoyo, ruzivo rwakanga rusingawaniki kuburikidza nekuedza, asi kuburikidza nekufunga kune musoro, mharidzo yakavakirwa pakufunga, uye kukurukurirana.
Democritus akakurudzira kuti nyika inoumbwa nediki uye zvisingaonekwe zvimedu, zviripo nekusingaperi, zvine homogeneous uye incompressible, izvo zvinosiyana chete muchimiro uye ukuru, pane mukushanda kwavo kwemukati.
Sekureva kwaDemocritus, zvimiro zvezvinhu zvinotemerwa nenzira iyo maatomu akaiswa pamwechete. Gare gare vazivi, vakadai saEpicurus, vakawedzera kufamba kusina kurongeka kwemaatomu kurondedzero.
Dalton's atomic modhi
Yekutanga yesainzi yakavakirwa paatomu modhi yakazvarwa mumunda wekemesitiri, yakatsanangurwa naJohn Dalton mune yake "Atomic Postulate". Aidavira kuti zvinhu zvose zvinogadzirwa nemaatomu, zvisingaonekwi uye zvisingaparadziki, kunyange kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari.
Dalton akaronga kuti maatomu echinhu chimwe chete chemakemikari akaenzana kune rimwe nerimwe, ane hukuru hwakafanana uye zvinhu zvakafanana. Pane rimwe divi, akagadzira pfungwa yehuremu hweatomu (huremu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe hunoenderana nehuremu hwehydrogen), nekuenzanisa huremu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe nehuremu hwehydrogen. Akataurawo kuti maatomu anogona kusanganiswa kuti aite makomboni.
Dzidziso yaDalton yakanga ine zvikanganiso. Akataura kuti makomboni anoumbwa achishandisa mashoma mashoma anobvira nhamba yemaatomu echinhu. Semuenzaniso, maererano naDalton, molecule yemvura inenge iri H2O, kwete H2O, iyo ndiyo nzira yakarurama. Kune rumwe rutivi, inotaura kuti magasi emagetsi anogara ari monatomic, izvo zvatinoziva kuti hazvisi zvechokwadi.
Lewis muenzaniso weatomu
Iyo inozivikanwawo se "cubic atomic modhi", umo Lewis akakurudzira chimiro cheatomu chakagovaniswa chakaita cube, nema vertices masere ari maerekitironi. Izvi zvakakonzera kufambira mberi mukudzidza kweatomic valence uye makemikari bonding, kunyanya mushure mekuvandudzwa muna 1919 naIrving Langmuir, uyo akaronga "cubic octet atomu".
Zvidzidzo izvi zvaive hwaro hwezvino zivikanwa seLewis diagrams, ari maturusi anobatsira ekutsanangura covalent bond.
Thomson Atomic Model
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, musayendisiti JJ Thomson akaita zviedzo nemwaranzi yecathode uye akakurudzira modhi umo atomu yaive bhora rakashongedzwa zvakanaka., yakafanana nebhora rehupfu, uye maerekitironi asina kunaka akapararira mukati maro, semazambiringa akaomeswa mupudding. Iyi modhi yakazozivikanwa se "raisin pudding model" uye yaive yekutanga zano remukati meatomu.
Rutherford Atomic Model
Muenzaniso waRutherford wakamuka pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Mukuyedza kwakakurumbira, Rutherford akabhomba foil yegoridhe nealpha particles uye akawana kuti mazhinji ezvimedu zvakapfuura nepafoiri, asi mashoma akaraswa zvakanyanya. Izvi zvakatungamirira Rutherford kutaura kuti atomu yakanga ine nucleus duku, gobvu, ine chaji yakanaka pakati payo, nepo maerekitironi aitenderera musimboti uyu ari chinhambwe chakati rebei, semapuraneti akapoteredza zuva.
Bohr Atomic Muenzaniso
Zvichienderana nemuenzaniso waRutherford, Niels Bohr akakurudzira muna 1913 kuti maerekitironi afambe nenzira dzakatenderedzwa dzakatenderedza nucleus. Aya ma orbit akaverengerwa, zvinoreva kuti dzimwe nzira chete dzaitenderwa, asi dzimwe dzaisabvumirwa. Bohr akasimbisawo kuti maerekitironi anogona kusvetuka pakati pemaobiti akasiyana nekuburitsa kana kutora simba muchimiro chemafotoni, nokudaro achitsanangura kubuda nekutorwa kwechiedza nemaatomu.
Sommerfeld's atomic model (1916 AD)
Modhi yaSommerfeld yaive yakavakirwa muchikamu pane zvaAlbert Einstein zvehukama. Iyi modhi yakatsanangurwa naArnold Sommerfield mukuyedza kutsiva kukanganisa kweiyo Bohr modhi.
Iyo yakavakirwa muchikamu pane yaAlbert Einstein's postulates yehukama. Kugadziriswa kwake kwaisanganisira kusimbisa kuti kutenderera kwe electron ndeye denderedzwa kana elliptical, izvo erekitironi ine diki magetsi uye kuti pane maviri kana kupfuura sublevels kutanga kubva yechipiri simba pamwero.
Schrödinger's atomic modhi
Kuvaka pamusoro pebasa raBohr naSommerfeld, Erwin Schrödinger akaronga kubata maerekitironi semafungu enyaya, izvo zvakabvumira kuti gare gare dudziro yezvingabvira yebasa remasaisai (iyo inotsanangura ukuru hwemukana wekuwana munhu). Space), naMax Born.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti, nekuda kweiyo Heisenberg kusavimbika musimboti, zvinokwanisika kudzidza probabilistically nzvimbo erekitironi kana simba rayo, asi kwete zvose. Iyi ndiyo yazvino modhi yeatomu seyekutanga kwema2000, paine mamwe ekuwedzera akaitwa gare gare. Inonzi "quantum wave model."
Quantum Atomic Model
Iyo quantum modhi, yakagadzirwa mukati mezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma uye yazvino. Inobva pane dzidziso ye quantum mechanics uye inotsanangura atomu segore ringangove iro maerekitironi asingateveri kutenderera chaiko, asi panzvimbo pezvo. Zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzine mukana wepamusoro wekuwanikwa. Iyi modhi yakabvumira kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kwemaerekitironi uye maitiro avo, uye yakavhura musuwo wekufambira mberi mune zvemazuva ano chemistry uye fizikisi.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve maatomu mamodheru uye ndeapi marudzi emamodheru ave aripo munhoroondo yese.