Pakati penzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru dzezvipenyu uye urombo mune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana panyika tine magwenga. Kune akawanda marudzi emagwenga uye nguva zhinji anotaurwa nezvawo zvishoma. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chiri gwenga uye ndeapi akasiyana maitiro ezvipenyu izvi.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti renje chii, maitiro aro uye marudzi.
chii chiri gwenga
Renje inzvimbo yebioclimatic (kana biome), inopisa kana kutonhora, inoratidzwa nekuderera kwemvura, mamiriro ekunze akaoma, tembiricha yakanyanyisa, uye ivhu rakaoma. Mugwenga, zvishoma zvinomera nemhuka (uye vanhu) vanokwanisa kujairana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aya.
Magwenga anofukidza chikamu chimwe muzvina chepasi penyika, 53% inoenderana nemagwenga anopisa (akadai seSahara) uye mamwe ese kumagwenga ane chando (seAntarctica). Magwenga anowanikwa mumakondinendi ose mashanu, mapani ane chando eNorth Africa, kuchamhembe kweMexico, tundra yeRussia, Antarctica, Greenland, uye Alaska, pamwe chete nechokuchamhembe nechokumaodzanyemba kweChile.
Mumagwenga anopisa, kukukurwa kwemhepo nemwaranzi yezuva zvakanyanya, tembiricha yakakwira, uye ivhu rinowanzova nejecha, matombo, kana matombo. Kune rumwe rutivi, mumarenje epolar, tembiricha inowanzova pasi pe0 ° C, mamiriro ekunze akaoma uye kune zvishoma maruva nemhuka.
desert features
Mamwe emhando huru dzemagwenga ndeaya:
- Mvura shoma uye mamiriro okunze akaoma. Desert inzvimbo dzinonaya mvura shoma nekuti inzvimbo dzisingaumbe makore. Kuti nzvimbo ive gwenga, inofanira kunaya mvura isingadariki 250 mm pagore, uye kushaikwa kwemvura kunokonzeresa kusanaya kwemvura muvhu uye kushomeka kwezvipenyu. Mvura inogona kunaya mugwenga kazhinji inonaya zvishoma nezvishoma uye yakawanda, izvo zvinokonzera kukukurwa kwenyika nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvinomera zvinotora mvura.
- Ivhu rakaoma. Kushaikwa kwemvura kunobereka ivhu rakaoma uye rakaomarara. Ivhu iri harina kudya kunovaka muviri uye kazhinji rine jecha kana matombo. Kana ari magwenga epolar, pasi rakafukidzwa nechando chakakura.
- Kupisa kwakanyanya. Mugwenga, tembiricha yakanyanyisa, inopisa uye inotonhora (sezvingave zvakadaro). Mumagwenga epolar, tembiricha kazhinji iri pasi pe0°C, nepo mumagwenga anopisa, tembiricha inowanzopfuura 40°C uye mwaranzi yezuva yakasimba kwazvo. Mumagwenga mazhinji, pane musiyano mukuru wetembiricha pakati pemasikati neusiku.
- Huwandu hwezvirimwa nemhuka hwakaderera. Kushaikwa kwekunaya kwemvura uye kudya muvhu ndizvo zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvinotadzisa kukura nekukura kwezvipenyu mumagwenga. Mhuka zhinji dzinogara mugwenga dzinoshandisa nzira dzekuchengeta mvura kana kutiza kudziya kwakanyanya.
- Kukukurwa nevhu uye kushomeka kwevhu. Mhepo dziri munzvimbo dzemugwenga dzinowanzosimba uye dzinoramba dzichienderera, zvichikonzera kukukurwa kwevhu nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvinomera. Mukuwedzera, kukukurwa, pamwe chete nekunaya kwemvura shoma, kunogona kukonzera kupera kwekudya kwevhu, kudzivirira kuenderera mberi kana kukanganisa kukura kwezvipenyu zvemiti.
marudzi emagwenga
Mhando huru dzemarenje ndeidzi:
- gwenga rinopisa: Magwenga ari pedyo neequator kana kunzvimbo dzinopisa. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekupisa kwakanyanya, hombe yekupisa amplitudes masikati neusiku, uye kuderera kwemvura uye hunyoro. Muenzaniso wegwenga rakadaro igwenga reSahara kuNorth Africa.
- polar desert: Ndiwo magwenga ane tembiricha yakadzika kwazvo, yakaoma kwazvo, mwaranzi yezuva yakaderera uye kunyorova kwegore negore. Nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akaomarara, kune mashoma marudzi ezvipenyu anogara mubiome iyi. Arctic Circle neAntarctica inzvimbo dzemagwenga epasi.
- gwenga remahombekombe. Ndiwo magwenga ari padyo nemahombekombe uye Tropic yeCancer neCapricorn. Pasinei nekuve pedyo nemvura, inzvimbo dzakaoma dzine mvura shoma shoma, sezvo nekuda kwemhepo, mvura inonaya mugungwa uye hunyoro hausviki kumhenderekedzo. Muenzaniso werenje rakadaro iAtacama Desert muChile.
- Semi-yakaoma gwenga. Ndiwo magwenga ane hunyoro hushoma, asi kunaya kwemvura kudarika magwenga anopisa. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekupisa, kuoma kwezhizha uye kutonhora kwechando kunonaya zvishoma. Muenzaniso wegwenga rakadaro isango rerenje muRussia.
Mamiriro ekunze emurenje
Tembiricha mumagwenga kazhinji yakanyanyisa, paine musiyano mukuru wetembiricha pakati pemasikati neusiku. Mugwenga rinopisa tembiricha inodarika 40°C masikati uye inodzika pasi pechando usiku.
Kune chikamu chayo, mumagwenga epolar, tembiricha dzinogara dzakadzika kwazvo (anenge -40 ° C) uye dzinogona kudarika 0 ° C muzhizha. Kune marudzi matatu emamiriro ekunze emugwenga anoenderana nekunaya kwegore negore:
- Semi-yakaoma mamiriro ekunze (steppe). Vanowana mvura inosvika 250 kusvika 500 mm pagore, inofukidza chikamu che15% chepasi. Vanowanzo kuwanikwa kumucheto kwekunze kwerenje.
- Dry weather. Kunaya kwayo kwepagore kunosvika pakati pe25 ne250 mm (yakanyanya), ichifukidza 16% yepasi.
- Super arid climate. Vane mwero wakaderera zvikuru wekunaya kwemvura, kazhinji makore ekusanaya kwemvura munzvimbo idzi. Mamiriro ekunze aya aripo pakati pemagwenga epolar uye magwenga anopisa.
Flora nemhuka
Miti yemugwenga yakanyatsojeka uye kazhinji inoshomeka, nekuda kwekunyorova, uye zvirimwa zvakawanda hazvigone kuita photosynthesis. Miti yemugwenga inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwemamiriro ekunze.
Mumagwenga anopisa, hupenyu hunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka, ndicho chikonzero kune kazhinji xerophytic zvinomera: minzwa, inonaka, inopikisa miti ine simba rekuchengetedza mvura yakawanda. Mimwe mienzaniso yemaruva ekupisa kwegwenga ndeiyi: cacti, agave, muakasia, maruva eJeriko, cacti uye succulents.
Mumagwenga anopisa, kune nzvimbo dzine mvura (dzinonzi oases) uye mamiriro emvura anokurudzira zvirimwa kuti zvitumbuke. An oasis musha wemichindwe uye makwenzi akareba, kusanganisira miti yemichero yakaita semazuva kana makokonati palm.
Mumagwenga epasi, kune rumwe rutivi, kune zvinomera zvishoma nekuda kwekushayikwa kwemvura uye kutonhora uye permafrost. Miti yemurenje yeArctic yakawanda kupfuura yeAntarctica (chete Antarctic uswa, Antarctic carnations uye moss), inogarwa nezvinomera zvakaita semosses, herbs, mafuro nemakwenzi.
Mhuka mhenyu dzakagadziridzwa kunharaunda yadzo yerenje uye dzine nzira dzekuchengetedza miviri yadzo hydrated. Vamwe vanhu vanohwanda mumakomba kuti vadzivise zuva mukati mezuva, uye vamwe vane chengetedzo yemvura mumiviri yavo kana hunhu hwemuviri hunogona kuvabatsira kurarama nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kupera simba kwemvura.
Magwenga ane chando, kune rumwe rutivi, havana zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda, uye hupenyu hwealgae nemabhakitiriya hunobuda pachena. Zvisinei, magwenga epolar eArctic ane mhuka dzakawanda kupfuura Antarctica, uye munzvimbo dziri kunze kwegwenga zvinokwanisika kuwana mapere, reindeer, makava, tsuro uye dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzine mvere dzinodzivirira uye dzinochengeta mafuta akawanda. Zvisimbiso, hove dzinouraya, whale, hove, uye plankton dzinogara munzvimbo dzemahombekombe uye mumakungwa.
MuAntarctica, shiri dzakadai semapenguin, seagulls, albatrosses, terns uye Antarctic petrels dzinomira pachena, kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda dzichigara pedyo nemhenderekedzo (zvisimbiso nemhuka dzegungwa dzinogona kuonekwawo).
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve renje uye maitiro aro.