Kana tichitaura nezvemvura yepasi, tinoreva mvura inocherwa mumigero yemvura uye inogona kushandiswa kudyiwa nevanhu uye kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwavanogona kupiwa. Mumaaquifers ndimo munochengeterwa mvura yese inobva mukusefa kwemvura kubva pasi ichienda pasi pevhu. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chinonzi aquifer uye kukosha kwayo kwakadii.
Nokudaro, munyaya ino tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi aquifer, mavambo ayo, maitiro uye kukosha kwayo kune nzvimbo dzemvura.
Chii chinonzi aquifer
Aquifers anoita basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwemvura yepasi rose. Nenzira iyi, mvura inonaya inopinda muvhu, ichitora pores uye kuputika muvhu repasi, zvichiita kuti pasi pevhu. Mvura inochengeterwa mumigero yemvura uye inogona kucherwa kuburikidza nemapurojekiti ekuunganidza kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Kushaikwa kwekutonga pamusoro pezviitwa zvekuchera mvura izvi zvinogona kuisa dzvinyiriro huru pamaumbirwo aya nekushanda kwawo uye nekudaro zvinogona kushandura kuzara kwechisikigo kweaquifer uye nekudaro mafambiro emamiriro ekunze uye enguva yekuwanikwa kwemvura. Kuti udzivise mhedzisiro iyi, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro uye maitiro ezvirongwa izvi zvekuchengetedza mvura.
Aquifers maumbirwo e geological ane hydraulic properties inobvumira mvura kuti ichengetwe uye kutakurwa zvakasununguka kuburikidza nemapores avo kana fractures. Pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveaquifer, zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa:
- Tafura yemvura
- saturation zone
- Bhachi risina mvura
Mvura yepasi inowanikwa munzvimbo yakazara, pazasi petafura yemvura, iyo inoumba muganho wepamusoro wenzvimbo. Iyo yakakura kudzika kweiyo saturation zone, iyo yakakura kumanikidza kwemvura. Sezvo mvura yakachengetwa ichiyerera ichienda kunzvimbo dzine dzvinyiriro yakaderera, inongoparara ichienda pamusoro kuburikidza nekukwidza, zvitubu, kana nzizi. Uyezve, Zvichienderana nerudzi rweaquifer, kune nzvimbo dzisingapindiki dzinodzivirira kufamba kwemvura.
aquifer geology
Iyo recharge yeaquifer inoitwa kuburikidza nekuita kwekupinda-kupinza kwesedimentary mvura. Chii chinopindira: giravhiti uye lithology.
Kune rimwe divi, giravhiti isimba rinokwevera mvura pakati peNyika, kubvumira mvura kuti itenderere yakatwasuka kubva pamusoro penyika kusvika pakadzika kwakasiyana-siyana pasi pevhu.
Lithology, kune chikamu chayo, inosarudza porosity kana kuumbwa kweiyo geological material inoumba aquifer. Zvichienderana neizvi, mvura inogona kuunganidza uye kutenderera zvakanyanya kana zvishoma nyore.
Vane mwero wakasiyana wekurerutsa maaquifer aripo. Mubasa iri, marudzi mana etaxonomy anotangwa.
hydrogeological classification
Zvichienderana nehunhu hwehuroyi kana huchienzaniswa nemvura yepasi, 4 hydrogeological masisitimu anogona kusiyaniswa: matsime emvura, aquitards, aquicluded uye herefugal.
Zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwe geological, aquifers anogona kunzi akanakisa (akaumbwa nematombo akachena), akanaka (akaumbwa nejecha rakachena, matombo uye jecha, kana jecha rakanaka) kana murombo (jecha rakanaka, silt, uye rakatsemuka limestone) yekuchengetedza uye kuberekwa patsva. kutakura pasi pemvura. Kazhinji, Iyo sisitimu inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwekuchengetedza, kudhiraivha uye kugovera mvura.
Aquitards inoumbwa nevhu, silt, uye ivhu ine mvura yakawanda yekuchengetedza asi ine mvura (yakaderera kusvika pakati nepakati) uye yekufambisa (yakaderera kugona) matambudziko. Iri izwi repakati pakati peaquifer neaquifer.
Pasinei nepamusoro pe porosity yayo, chimiro chechimiro che aquacluids hachipindiki (loam, ivhu kana pumice stone). Naizvozvo, kuchengetedza kwayo, kurodha uye kutapurirana masimba hakuna.
Aquifuges maumbirwo emu geological asingakwanisi kuchengeta kana kutakura mvura. Mimwe mienzaniso igneous matombo asina kuputsika kana kutsemuka. Pano iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhando dzematombo egneous uye maitiro avo.
Hydraulic Pressure Classification
Nzvimbo, maitiro e hydrological uye geological maitiro ezvicherwa zvinopa mhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzeaquifers: yemahara, yakavharirwa uye semi-yakavharirwa.
- Mvura yemahara, Unconfined kana phreatic haina maumbirwo asingapindiki. Pakati pavo, iyo unsaturated zone iri pakati pepamusoro uye tafura yemvura, apo mvura inosangana nemhepo uye iri pasi pemhepo yemhepo.
- Kusiyana nemvura yemahara, lmatsime akavharwa, akavharirwa, akadzvinyirirwa kana pasi pemutoro haasangani nemhepo nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvisingapindiki kana zvakavharwa. Mumvura yakasungwa kana kuti yakavharirwa, mvura inozadza zvachose pores kana kuputsika, saka kana tsime rikacherwa mvura inosimuka kusvikira kumanikidzwa kwemvura kwakaenzana nemhepo yemhepo.
- semi-confined aquifers imvura yakamanikidzwa semvura inovharirwa, asi kusiyana neyekupedzisira, semi-yakavharirwa aquifers ane yepamusoro permeability (anoonekwa seaquitards).
Kuumbwa, maruva nemhuka
Aquifers anoumbwa panguva yekutenderera kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura kunopinda muivhu repasi uye kudzika kusvika yasvika zvakanyanya kana kushoma permeable rock material. Pane zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha pakuumbwa kwayo: giravhiti uye lithology.
Simba regiravhiti rinokwevera mvura pakati pePasi, uye ingave mvura kana nzizi, inoitora pasi pevhu. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, mvura haipindi mukati, kupfuura, kana kuungana zvichienderana nerudzi rwedombo rekugamuchira. Dombo gobvu rinoita kuti mvura isapinda. Dombo rine mhango rinogona kuunganidza mvura yepasi uye rinotsemuka kana kunyungudika nemvura iyoyo, richigadzira makomba makuru anozadzawo nemvura.
Pakadzika pane zvinhu zvinodzivirira kubuda. Nezvavo, mvura yaunganirwa muporous layer inoyerera zvishoma nezvishoma ichienda pamusoro.
Kuratidzwa kwega kwega kwemvura yepasi kune maitiro ezvisikwa, akasiyana ecosystem, uye anogara aripo ezvirimwa nemhuka. Miti yakabatana zvakananga neaquifer zvirimwa zvemumvura kana zvirimwa zvemumvura. Inoumbwa nezvinomera zvine midzi yakadzika midzi inotora mvura kubva kune zvisingaperi mvura muvhu. Vanodya pamusoro pemvura, pasi pevhu uye vanonyura pedyo nepamusoro.
Algae zvidyarwa zviratidzo zvechisikigo zvekunwa mvura yepasi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakaoma. Ash, alder, willow, uye poplar zvakare vane basa rekutungamira kana basa. Miti inokura mumvura ine mvura yakachena alluvial aquifers, umo tafura yemvura yakadzika pasi pemamita gumi.
Mune aquifer, fauna inoumbwa ne microorganisms, zvipenyu zviduku uye macroorganisms. Kusiyana uye kuwanda kwezvipembenene uye mamwe mavertebrates, mazhinji acho anowanikwa mumvura yepamusoro. Mutero unotonga: mite, oligochaetes, crustaceans uye rotifers. Zvisikwa zvemakirasi eCollembola, Insecta, Nematodes, Nematodes, Silk Nematodes, uye Pnematodes zvakawanikwawo muhuwandu hudiki.
Iyo pasi pevhu inoratidzwa nekusavapo kwese kwechiedza, uko pasina photosynthetic zvipenyu. Mhuka dzomuaquifer dzinotsamira pamvura iri pamusoro pezvokudya uye oxygen. Inoratidza magadzirirwo ayo anoibvumira kurarama murima pasi pevhu.. Kazhinji zvipenyu zvidiki zvine miviri yakaita sehonye, yakareba uye inochinjika inofamba pakati pemakomba madiki umo mvura inoyerera. Vamwe havana pigment nemaziso.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve aquifer uye maitiro ayo.