Wakamboona iyo Bohr atomic modhi. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kuwanikwa kwakaitwa nesainzi sainzi iyi, kunyanya magetsi nemagetsi. Pakutanga kwaive nemuenzaniso waRutherford, uyo waive neshanduko uye uine budiriro huru, asi kwaive nekumwe kupokana nemimwe mitemo yeatomiki yakadai saMaxwell naNewton.
Muchikamu chino tiri kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezveBohr's atomic modhi, pamwe neruzivo rwayo kujekesa kusahadzika kwese pachinhu ichi.
Matambudziko ayo akabatsira kugadzirisa
Sezvatakambotaura pakutanga kwechinyorwa, iyi mhando yeatomu yakabatsira kugadzirisa kumwe kunetsana kwaivapo nemimwe mitemo yeatomiki. Mune yapfuura Rutherford modhi, isu taifanira maerekitironi achifamba nemagetsi asina kunaka aifanira kuburitsa mhando yemagetsi emagetsi. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa nekuda kwemitemo yemagetsi emagetsi kunze uko. Uku kurasikirwa kwesimba kunokonzera maerekitironi kudzikiswa kumatenderedzwa awo nekutenderera akananga pakati. Vasvika pakati vakapunzika, vachidhumhana nepakati.
Izvi zvakaunza dambudziko mukufunga nekuti harina kukwanisa kudonha nenucleus yemaatomu, asi nzira yeemaerekitironi aifanirwa kuve akasiyana. Izvi zvakagadziriswa neBohr atomic modhi. Inotsanangura izvozvo maerekitironi anotenderera achitenderera nucleus mune dzimwe nzira dzinotenderwa uye idzo dzine simba chairo. Simba rakaenzana nekugara kwaPlanck.
Aya maorbbit atakataura uko maerekitironi anofamba, akadaidzwa masimba emagetsi kana masimba emagetsi. Ndokunge, simba rine maerekitironi harina kufanana nguva dzose, asi rakaenzana. Quantum mazinga ndiwo maitikiro akasiyana mairi maatomu. Zvichienderana nekutenderera kuri mune chero nguva, ichave iine simba kana shoma. Iwo anotenderera ari padyo nenucleus yeatomu ane huwandu hukuru hwesimba. Kune rimwe divi, kana vachiwedzera kufamba vachienda kure nenucleus, simba shoma.
Simba remhando yemhando
Iyi Bohr atomic modhi, iyo yaireva kuti maerekitironi aigona chete kuwana kana kurasikirwa nesimba nekusvetuka kubva kune imwe orbit kuenda kune imwe, yakabatsira kugadzirisa kupunzika kwakarongwa nemuenzaniso waRutherford. Kana ichifamba kubva kune imwe nhanho yesimba ichienda pane imwe, inotora kana kuburitsa mwenje wemagetsi. Ndokunge, kana iwe ukasvetuka kubva kune yakadhadhaniswa magetsi nhanho kuenda kune yakadzvanywa imwe, unoburitsa iro rakawandisa simba. Ukuwo, kana ichienda kubva kune yakaderera simba nhanho kuenda kune yakakwira imwe, inotora magetsi emagetsi.
Sezvo iyi modhi yeatomiki iri shanduko yemhando yaRutherford, hunhu hwediki repakati nucleus uye neakawanda ehukuru hweatomu anochengetwa. Kunyangwe iwo maokitoreti emaerekitironi asina kunyatsoita seaya emapuraneti, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti maerekitironi aya anotenderera akatenderedza nucleus yavo nenzira yakafanana nemapuraneti anoita akakomberedza Zuva.
Bohr's atomic modhi misimboti
Isu tave kuenda kuzoongorora misimboti yeiyi yemaatomu modhi. Icho chiri nezve kutsanangurwa kwakadzama kweiyo modhi uye mashandiro ayo.
- Zvikamu zvine chaji yakanaka Ivo vari mune yakadzika fungidziro ichienzaniswa neiyo yakazara vhoriyamu yeatomu.
- Maerekitironi ane magetsi emagetsi akashata ndeavo anowanikwa achitenderera akatenderedza denderedzwa iri mumatenderedzwa esimba emagetsi.
- Kune masimba emagetsi enzira dzinotenderera maerekitironi. Ivo zvakare vane yakatarwa saizi, saka hapana yepakati mamiriro pakati pekutenderera. Ivo vanongoenda kubva kune imwe nhanho kuenda kune imwe.
- Simba iro rinotenderera rimwe nerimwe rine hukama nehukuru hwaro. Iyo yekuenderera iyo orbit kubva kunucleus yeatomu, inowedzera simba rairi.
- Masimba emagetsi ane manhamba akasiyana emaerekitironi. Iyo yakaderera iyo mwero wesimba, maerekitironi mashoma arimo. Semuenzaniso, kana isu tiri padanho rekutanga, pachave neanosvika maviri maerekitironi. Padanho rechipiri, panogona kuve nemagetsi anosvika masere, zvichingodaro.
- Kana maerekitironi achifamba kubva kune imwe orbit kuenda kune imwe, iwo anopinza kana kusunungura magetsi emagetsi. Kana iwe ukaenda kubva kune imwezve simba nhanho kuenda kune imwe shoma, iwe unoburitsa yakawandisa simba uye zvinopesana.
Iyi modhi yaive yechimurenga uye yakaedza kupa kudzikama kune izvo zvinhu izvo zvaive zvisati zvamboitika mamodheru. Iyo discrete emission uye yekumwiswa spectra yemweya yakatsanangurwawo neiyi yemaatomu modhi. Iyo yaive yekutanga modhi yakaunza iyo pfungwa yehuwandu kana huwandu. Izvi zvinogadzira Bohr's atomic modhi modhi iri pakati pakati peyakajairika mamakanika uye quantum mechanics. Kunyangwe iinewo nekukanganisa, yaive muenzaniso wekutanga kune yakazotevera mamakaniki eSchrödinger nemamwe masayendisiti.
Kukanganisa uye kukanganisa kweBhohr maatomu modhi
Sezvatakambotaura, uyu modhi unewo zvimwe zvikanganiso nezvikanganiso. Chekutanga pane zvese, haina kutsanangura kana kupa zvikonzero nei maerekitironi achifanira kungogumira chete kune chaiwo mabhuru. Iyo inofungidzira zvakananga kuti maerekitironi ane inozivikanwa radius uye orbit. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisizvo. Makumi gumi gare gare Kusanzwisisika kwaHeisenberg musimboti kwakaratidza izvi.
Kunyangwe iyi modhi yeatomiki yaikwanisa kuenzanisira maitiro emaerekitironi mumaatomu ehydrogen, yanga isina kunyatsoita kana tasvika pazvinhu zvine huwandu hwepamusoro hwemagetsi. Icho muenzaniso icho ine dambudziko rekutsanangura mhedzisiro yaZeeman. Mhedzisiro iyi ndiyo inogona kuoneka kana mitsara yekuratidzira yakakamurwa kuita maviri kana kupfuura muhupo hwekunze uye kunofambira mberi kwemagineti.
Imwe yemhosho uye zvikwaniso zvine modhi iyi ndeyekuti inopa kukosha kusiri iko kwekukwiridzira kweangular yenyika yevhu kutenderera. Kukanganisa kwese uku uye zvikwanisiro zvakataurwa zvinokonzeresa kuti iyo modhomi modhi yaBohr yakatsiviwa neiyo yakawanda makore makore gare gare.
Ndinovimba kuti neichi chinyorwa iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Bohr's atomic modhi uye mashandisiro ayo musainzi.