Pasi rese pane mhando dzakasiyana dzevhu. Aya marudzi evhu anosiyana zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo, yavo yemuviri uye yemakemikari kuumbwa, kudzika kwavo, porosity, kukwana uye ruvara, pakati pehumwe hunhu. Nhasi tichataura nezvemhando yevhu inonzi andosol. Iyo mhando yevhu rinoputika iro rakaumbwa pa volcanic ash uye girazi, pamwe nezvimwewo zvinhu zvepiroclastic zvinhu.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza nezvehunhu hwese uye zvivakwa zvine andosol.
Mhando huru
Imhando yevhu inokura munzvimbo ine makomo. Kana ivo vachiri vadiki vane rakasviba ruvara uye vane zvakanyanya porous. Iyi porosity inokonzerwa nemhando yedombo kwayakaumbwa. Sezvatinoziva, ivhu rakaumbwa kunyanya kubva pamubhedha. Iri dombo raiparara uye richichinja nekufamba kwenguva uye kuita kweakasiyana vamiriri ve geological. Zvichienderana nerudzi rweanonyanya kukosha geological mumiriri mune imwe nzvimbo uye hunhu hwechimiro cheivhu rataurwa, tichava nemhando imwe kana imwe.
Andosol ivhu rine kukwana kukuru, chimiro chakanaka uye nyore kukiya. Iyo ine kubereka kwakakura kunyangwe iine zviyero kana zvasvika pakuvashandisa kurima. Nekudaro, ivhu ivhu rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda wezvekurima pese pese patinobvumirwa nemamiriro ekuregererwa. Iyo nzvimbo yerudzi urwu rwevhu inowanzo kuve mumatunhu ane mhando yekushanduka kwemakomo.
Idzi ivhu zvakagara zvichionekwa senge rombo rakanaka kusimudzira tsika nevanhu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenyaya yekuti hupfumi uhwu hunogona kugara paivhu iri zvisinei nenjodzi dzinogona kutyisidzira sezvo dziine huwandu hwakanaka hwekubereka. Kana isu tikaongorora kumwe kusimba kwenzvimbo dzemadhorobha uye kusimukira kwevanhu, senge nyika dzeSouth America, tinogona kuona kuti makomo eAndes ane makomo anoputika uye akapoteredzwa nenyika diki dzakaorera dzakaita semasango anodziya.
Iyo andosol ndiyo ivhu iro rine Vitric kana Anndic horizon. Aya mahwindo anotanga kubva pamasentimita makumi maviri pakadzika semhedzisiro yeiyi ivhu pamusoro. Haina imwe nzvimbo yekuongorora kunze kwekunge yakavigwa nedutu kana imwe ivhu uye kazhinji inoitika pakadzika kwema 25 sentimita.
Tsananguro yakadzama ye andosol
Idzi ivhu rine hunhu hwerima dema uye nenzvimbo dzinoputika zvachose. Izvo zvinhu zvemubereki zvinonyanya kuve dota remakomo, kunyange zvichikwanisa kuumbwa kuburikidza tuffs, pumice, ash uye imwe volcano ejecta. Iyo nharaunda yeiyo ivhu inowanzo kuve yakakomberedzwa neisina kudzikisira mienzaniso iyo ine makomo. Inoda hunyoro, arctic kune dzinopisa matunhu ane akasiyana siyana emhando mhando. Ndihwo huwandu hwakasiyana hwehuswa hunobvumidza ivhu kuti riite mwero wepamusoro wekuvaka.
Nezve kuvandudzwa kweiyo mamiriro evhu iri, rinowanzo kuve neAAC kana ABC chimiro. Layer B yevhu rino rinoenderana nekuti rakadzika zvakadii. Kazhinji uyu mwero wekushandurwa mukudzika unowanzovapo muvhu riya nekuumbwa kwevhu. Iyo ivhu rine kukurumidza kwemamiriro ekunze anogara mukati shanduko yakakwira yebiogeochemical nekuda kwezvinhu zvemakomo anoputika zvaainazvo. Izvi zvinhu zvinopisa kwazvo uye zvinokonzeresa kuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzeese organic uye mamineral zvinhu senge imogolite uye ferrihydrite.
Zvishandiso uye kuumbwa kwe andosol
Imwe yemashandisirwo makuru eososol iri mukurima. Kuve mhando yevhu ine nhanho yepamusoro yekubereka, inoshandiswa kukura mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti. Kukamurwa kukuru kwatataura pamusoro apa kugona kukuru kwazvinoita kuchengetedza phosphorus nenzira isingawanikwe. Ndokunge, ivhu rinokwanisa kuve nephosphorus yakakwira asi isingagone kushandiswa kana kuiswa nemidzi yezvirimwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti rive ivhu rine hurombo sezvo, kunyangwe iine huwandu hunoshamisa hwezvinovaka muviri, haugone kushandiswa nemuti. Zvakare, zhinji dzevhu idzi dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaita semakomo ekumusoro.
Kana ivhu rikawanikwa munzvimbo dzine ruyamuro rukuru nenzvimbo dzakatenuka, kazhinji kacho kuganhurirwa kunopihwa nechinangwa chekuisa pakurima. Kana ivhu riine zororo rakajeka, harizove nekugovaniswa kwakaringana mumaprofayiri aro uye nemumativi apo zvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa kupa chirimwa. Zvakare, isu tinofanirwa kufunga nezve runoff kuburikidza nemvura. Panzvimbo yakatenuka, kunaya kwemvura kunogadzira runoff yakakura iyo inozopedzisira yadhonza chikamu chikuru chemaprofiles ane huwandu hwepamusoro hwefuturu kuitira kuti chirimwa chikwanise kukura mumamiriro akanaka.
Mhando yevhu iyi inoonekwa nekuvapo kwenzvimbo inonzi Andic horizon kana Vitric horizon. Iwo maAndean Horizoni akapfuma mumaminerari akafanana neAlofan uye ane akakwirira zvivakwa zvehumus nealuminium nepo Vitric horizon iine volcano girazi yakawanda.
Kuumbwa kwerudzi urwu rwevhu kunoenderana zvakanyanya ne inokurumidza makemikari emamiriro ekunze, porosity, kukwana, huwandu hwezvakanaka-zviyo zvigadzirwa, pamwe nekuvapo kwehupenyu hwezvinhu. Misiyano yese iyi ndiyo inotsanangudza mhando yevhu rinozogadzirwa pane imwe nzvimbo.
Propiedades
Mune morphological hunhu hweyakajairwa andosol tinowana iyo AC kana ABC horizons. Kutenderera kwekutanga kunowanzo kuve kwakanyanya kusviba uye kunyorova kupfuura zvimwe zvese. Izvo zvisikwa zvemukati zveiyi nzvimbo yepamusoro yakatenderedza 8% kunyangwe ivo vachiwanikwa kuti vanosvika makumi matatu muzana muzvinhu zvakasikwa.
Mazhinji evhu iri ane yakanaka yemukati drainage nekuda kweayo akakwirira porosity. Saka, ivhu rinonakidza kwazvo kubva pakuona kwekudiridza kwakanaka. Uku kupisa kunodzivirira kunodzivirira mvura yemvura kuti irege kuunganidzwa, chinova chinhu chinotarisisa mukusimudzira kwezvirimwa zvakawanda.
Iyo ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemagnesia imbwa zvicherwa sezvazviri olivine, pyroxenes uye amphiboles. Iyo zvakare ine feldspars uye quartz kubva kujecha uye silt zvikamu. Kugadzikana kwavo kwakanaka pamwe nekukwirisa kwemvura kunoita kuti ivhu iri rirambe kukurwa nemvura. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukana wakakosha kwazvo kwavari kuti ushandiswe muzvirimwa.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve andosol.