El Matterhorn Iri pamuganhu pakati peSwitzerland neItaly. Iri pamusoro peguta reZermatt muCanton yeValais kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Breuil-Cervinia muAosta Valley kumaodzanyemba. Kureba kwayo kunosvika 4.478 metres, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yepamusoro-soro muAlps. Zvichida ndiro gomo rine mukurumbira muAlps, uye chimiro charo chepiramidhi chakadhindwa kakawanda.
Muchinyorwa chino tichakuudza ese maitiro, geology, kuumbwa uye zvimwe zvakawanda nezve Mount Cervino.
Mhando huru
Chimiro chakasarudzika cheMatterhorn nderimwe remakomo anoyevedza pasirese. Kukwirira uku muAlps kunosiyana nedunhu nemutauro: Matterhorn muchiGerman uye Monte Cervino muchiItaly neSpanish, kungotaura vashoma. Zvinoita sekuti zita racho rinoreva "gomo mubani" muchiGerman.
Symbol of the Alps, ndiyo imwe yepamusoro-soro muEurope, yakakwira kekutanga muna 1865 nemuunzi wemakomo wechirungu Edward Whymper.
Matterhorn ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeAlps, dziri pamuganhu weSwitzerland neItaly. Iri munzvimbo yemakomo inozivikanwa sePennine Alps, anenge makiromita gumi kubva kuZermatt, Switzerland. Iyo inoratidzira isingawanzo uye yakada kukwana piramidhi-yakaita peak ine ese mana akadzika uye anenge akatsetseka mativi akaparadzaniswa neLeone, Zmutt, Furggen uye Hörnli ridges, achinongedzera anenge akananga ku4 cardinal points. Maodzanyemba, kumabvazuva, uye kumadokero anoenderana kudivi reSwitzerland, nepo kumaodzanyemba kuri kudivi reItaly.
Gomo racho rine nhongonya mbiri: Swiss peak uye Italian peak. Iine hurefu hunofungidzirwa hwe4.478 metres, ndiyo yechitanhatu pakakwirira muAlps. Kusiyana nemamwe makomo emakomo, nzvimbo yaro haina kuvharwa zvachose nechando nechando, asi zvikamu zvakakura zvebrown zvedombo zvinogona kuonwa, zvisinei, hazvina kusiiwa nemazaya echando makuru mujinga megomo. Semuenzaniso, Matterhorn Glacier inogara mujinga megomo rekuchamhembe. Mangwanani anowanzo madhigirii mashoma pazasi zero nekuda kwekukwirira uye kunaya kwechando, asi zuva rinogona kudziya zvishoma.
Muna 2014, nyanzvi dzepasi dzakashuma mumagazini inonzi Nature Revelation kuti vakanga vawana humbowo hwe kamuri hombe ine mhango mukati meMatterhorn, lkana kuti rinokarakadza kuti ringadai rakadonha nokukurumidza uye zvakasimba pane imwe nguva munhau. Zvechokwadi, tsvakurudzo yakawanda inodiwa munharaunda iyi.
Kuumbwa kweMatterhorn
Sezvo Matterhorn riri gomo riri muAlps, kuumbwa kwaro kwakatanga apo gomo rakatanga kuoneka pamusoro penyika. Izvi zvakatanga Pangea payakatanga kutsemuka ndokupinda muLaurasia neGondwana. Mazhinji masasi akapatsanurwa neTethys Ocean. Chimiro yakachinja zvakare apo ganda remukati reNyika rakafamba makore anopfuura miriyoni zana apfuura, uye zvino Africa yakafamba zvishoma nezvishoma yakananga kuEurope kusvika dzave pedyo zvakanyanya.
Pakadhumhana kondinendi yeEurope nendiro yeApulian, goko rakapetwa mukati memakore akati wandei. Zvino, anenge mamiriyoni makumi mashanu emakore apfuura, goko rakatanga kukwira kusvika Matterhorn yanyatsooneka. Zvakadaro, hazvina kufanana nezvazviri nhasi nekuti chimiro chayo chibereko chekukukurwa kwe glacial, uye summit yacho inoumbwa nematombo akati wandei.
Flora nemhuka dzeMatterhorn
Nekuda kwekunaka kwaro uye kukosha kwaro kwenhoroondo netsika, gomo iri nderimwe remakomo akatorwa mifananidzo zvikuru pasi rose. Kutenderedza zvivako zvayo zvakaisvonaka, kune mipata mikuru yakasvibira yakazara nouswa, mirimo nemiti ine maruva mapfupi, nemimwe miti yakaita semikoniferi. The Alps musha kune zvinomera maruva zvinogona kurarama pamusoro pe4000 metres, asi nounyanzvi hafu yokumusoro yegomo haina miti. Idzo lichen dzinowanzobatanidzwa pamatombo akakwirira mumakomo uye dzinoshanyirwa nembudzi dzomusango.
Panyaya yemhuka, zvinozivikanwa kuti makomo musha kune anopfuura 30.000 marudzi emhuka dzesango, kusanganisira mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri, tumbuyu, uye zvimwe zvinokambaira. Iyo Spanish ibex (Capra ibex) mukwikwidzi ane mukurumbira anokwanisa kupedza nguva yakawanda ari mudenga asina nzvimbo shoma pakati pematombo.
Climate
Matterhorn ine nhongonya mbiri dzakasiyana, ese ari pamatombo ane matombo akareba mamita 100: Swiss peak (4477,5 m) kumabvazuva neItaly peak (4476,4 m) kumadokero. Zita rayo rinobva pakukwira kwekutanga, kwete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvenzvimbo, sezvo ese ari pamuganhu. Kureba kwegomo kwakatanga kuyerwa neGeneva geologist uye muongorori Horace Bénédict de Saussure muna Nyamavhuvhu 1792, vachishandisa cheni yemamita makumi mashanu inotenderera Theodul Glacier uye sextant. Akaverenga kureba kuva 50 metres. Muna 4.501,7, injiniya wekuItaly Felice Giordano akayera kureba kwemamita 1868 nemercury barometer iyo yaakaenda nayo kumusangano. Mepu yeDufour, yakateverwa gare gare nevatsvagiri veItaly, yakapa 4.505 metres, kana 4.482 tsoka, sehurefu hwemusangano weSwitzerland.
Chiyero chechangobva kuitika (1999) chakaitwa pachishandiswa tekinoroji yeGPS, iyo yakapa hurefu hweMatterhorn nekururama kwesendimita imwe, uye shanduko dzayo dzakatariswa. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive 4.477,54 metres pamusoro pegungwa.
Geology
Mazhinji ezvikomo ari muTsaté nappe, zvakasara zvePiedmontese-Ligurian oceanic crust (ophiolite) uye matombo ayo sedimentary. Gomo rinosvika kureba kwemamita 3.400 uye rinoumbwa neanoramba akaturikidzana eophiolite uye sedimentary matombo. Kubva pamamita 3.400 kusvika kumusoro, dombo iri gneiss kubva kuDent Blanche nappe (Australian alpine rock formation). Iwo akakamurwa neArolla akateedzana (pazasi 4.200 m) uye bhandi reValpelline (pamusoro). Mamwe makomo ari mudunhu (Weisshorn, Zinalrothorn, Dent Blanche, Mont Collon) zvakare ndeweDent Blanche nappe.
Matterhorn yakagadzira chimiro chayo chepiramidi munguva pfupi yapfuura nekuda kwekukukurwa kwechisikigo mumakore mashoma apfuura. Pakutanga kweAlpine orogeny, Matterhorn raingova gomo rakaurungana segomo diki. Nekuda kweurefu hwayo pamusoro pechando, mativi ayo akafukidzwa nechando, zvichiita kuti sinou iungane uye kuungana.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Mount Cervino uye maitiro ayo.