Makomo eCaucasus

Imwe yemakomo anozivikanwa kwazvo pasi rose yekufungidzirwa sedunhu repakati penyika yeAsia neEurope ndiwo makomo ecaucasus. Iyo ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakwirira kwazvo dzemakomo muEurope uye ine makomo akati wandei anodarika 4.000 metres pakureba. Makomo emakomo ari mudunhu iri pakati peGungwa Dema neGungwa reCaspian. Iyi nharaunda yese ine yakakura mitauro uye tsika dzakasiyana sezvo yanga iri nzvimbo yekusangana yekutengeserana pakati pevanhu kweanopfuura makore zviuru zviviri apfuura.

Kubva pane ino chinyorwa tichaenda kukuudza zvese hunhu, mabviro, kuumbwa uye geology yemakomo eCaucasus.

Mhando huru

Nyika nhanhatu dzine mamwe makomo munzvimbo dzawo: Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan neRussia, kuwedzera kuAutonomous Republic of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ayaria, Adygea, Ingushetia, Kabardia-Balkar, Karachay-Cherkesia, Nakhichevan neNorth Ossetia. . Iwo ekumaodzanyemba ekumakomo anotongwa neArmenia, Georgia neAzerbaijan, uye kwavo madzinza uye mitauro mavambo akasiyana zvakanyanya.

Kwemakore mazhinji, madzinza akasiyana siyana uye vashoma vanga vachirwira rusununguko kana kuzvitonga, zvichikonzera nzvimbo iyi kuzadzwa nematambudziko makuru nehondo. Munguva yehondo yeCaucasus ya1817 kusvika 1864, Humambo hweRussia hwakabatanidza nzvimbo dzinoverengeka kuchamhembe, uye rugare harugoni kuvimbiswa kunyangwe nanhasi.

Iri gomo remakomo, kunyangwe kukwirira kwaro kuchikwikwidza neAlps. Paavhareji, marefu avo anowanzo kuve akakwirira, pakati pemamita 2.000 ne3.000 pamusoro pegungwa. Inofungidzirwa kuti kune makomo anopfuura makumi maviri muCaucasus ayo akakwirira kupfuura Mont Blanc, gomo refu-soro muAlps. Mukupesana, pakakwirira pakakwirira muMakomo eCaucasus iGomo Elbrus, iro rinomira pamamita angangoita 20 pamusoro pegungwa.

Geological kupatsanurwa kweCaucasus

Iyi gomo system inotambanuka kubva kuSoutheast Europe kuenda kuAsia kubva kumabvazuva kwemahombekombe eGungwa Dema kusvika kuCaspian Sea, kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero. Upamhi hwayo hwakasiyana, kusvika pamakiromita zana neshanu. Kukwirira kwemakomo emakomo kunowedzera kubva kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa, uye iri muchikamu chepakati ndipo panowanikwa misoro yepamusoro, kusanganisira Mount Elbrús.

Inzvimbo yakakamurwa kuva Greater Caucasus kuchamhembe uye Little Caucasus kumaodzanyemba. Iyo Greater Caucasus ndiyo chikamu chakakura uye makomo akakwirira munzvimbo yese. Inotambanuka kubva kuTaman Peninsula kuenda kuAssheron Peninsula muCaspian Sea uye yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: Western Caucasus, Middle Caucasus, uye Eastern Caucasus. Greater Caucasus neChechi yeCheucasus dzakaparadzaniswa neTranscaucasus kushushikana, unova mupata wakaenzana une upamhi hwemakiromita zana, inobatanidza iyo Gungwa Dema mhenderekedzo yegungwa neCaspian Sea.

Mamiriro ekunze eCaucasus

Mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ehupamhi anoita akawanda ehurefu hwemakomo ayo kuve matongo kupfuura Alps. Nzvimbo dziri pedyo neGungwa Dema dzakanyorova zvakanyanya; mukupesana, Gungwa reCaspian rinooma rinoita kuti nzvimbo yekuMabvazuva ive nemamiriro ekunze akaoma kana semi-renje. Mumakomo ekumadokero mamiriro ekunze anova ekuderera, saka mamiriro ekunze kumabvazuva nekumadokero akatarisana.

Kune glaciers kumadokero uye pakati. Mutsetse wegirazi kazhinji unotanga pakati pemamita 2.800 3.000 neXNUMX XNUMX. Nekudaro, iyo Diki Caucasus haina mazaya echando seGreater Caucasus. Makomo madiki anopatsanura kudzvanywa kweTranscaucasia anoita chipingamupinyi pakati pemamiriro ekunze akasiyana ekumabvazuva nekumadokero. Iyo Diki Caucasus yakabatana neGreater Caucasus kuburikidza neChidiki Lich Makomo, akapatsanurwa kumabvazuva neKura Rwizi.

Kudzidziswa

Makomo aya ndeekare kwazvo. Mazhinji ematombo anodzokera kuCretaceous uye Jurassic, uye kukwirira kwakakwirira ndeye Precambrian. Kufanana nemakomo mazhinji pasi, iwo anoumbwa nekurovera kwema tectonic mahwendefa; mune ino kesi, kubva kumaArab nemaEurasian mahwendefa.

Izvo zvese zvakatanga apo maArabu paakatanga kufamba kuchamhembe kudzamara vazobonderana nendiro yeIran uye Gungwa reTethys rakavharwa. Sangano rakatora nguva yakati rebei ndokuzonangana neplate yeEurasia, iyo yakasimudza goko nekuda kwekumanikidza kukuru pakati pavo. Makomo Makuru eCaucasus akatanga kuumbika uye Makomo madiki eCaucasus akazopedzisira aumbwa.

MuCenozoic, gomo diki reCaucasus raishanda. Kunze kwemamwe makomo anoputika paAssheron Peninsula, makomo anoputika achiripo munzvimbo iyi haachipo.

Flora nemhuka

Nekuti iyo Western Caucasus ine mamiriro ekunze anodziya, zvinomera zvinonyanyisa kupfuura izvo zveEastern Caucasus. Muzhinji, kune magwenga, nzvimbo dzine huswa, alpine meadows, swamp, nemasango anotevedza makomo. Zvinoenderana neWorld Wide Fund yeMasikirwo (WWF), kune mhando dzinopfuura zviuru gumi zvezvirimwa mumasango akasanganiswa, izvo zvinopfuura chiuru nemazana mashanu zvirimwa zvinogara zviripo, zvinopfuura mazana manomwe emhuka dzemhuka uye makumi maviri ezvisingaiteurwi. IWestern Caucasus ndeimwe yenzvimbo shomanana dzemakomo muEurope ine hunyanzvi hwevanhu, uko kunogona kuonekwa zvisikwa zvakasiyana siyana, pakati pazvo pane makomo eAlpine uye subalpine anogara mumhuka dzesango chete.

Musango rayo, mune zvinopfuura zviuru gumi zvemiti yemiti, ye ayo anodarika chiuru nemazana mashanu zvirimwa zvinogara zviripo. Endemic mafurati ndeaya akasarudzika kunzvimbo iyoyo uye haawanikwe chero kumwe kunhu. Ndiwo zvirimwa izvi zvinopa kukosha kwekuwedzera kune zvipenyu zvemakomo aya sezvo ari iwo ega marudzi ezvisikwa izvi. Izvi ndizvo zvirimwa zvakakwanisa kuchinjika kune aya akasarudzika mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye hazvigone kuwanikwa chero kumwe kunhu.

Sezvauri kuona, aya makomo ane huwandu hwakawanda hwenhoroondo uye hupfumi uye, nekudaro, ndevamwe vanozivikanwa kwazvo pasi. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezveCaucasus, hunhu hwayo uye zvinomera nemhuka.