Kusekondari isu tajaira kudzidza physics. Nekudaro, kune rudzi rwefizikisi iyo pamwe munhu wese asina kujaira. Zviri pamusoro quantum physics. Vazhinji havazive kuti chii chinonzi quantum physics. Inyaya yakakakavadzana uye inonakidza iyo inogona kushandura pfungwa yedu yezvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza. Ndiyo dzidziso yefizikisi inotsanangura maitiro echinhu uye zvakare ine akati wandei mashandisiro muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Naizvozvo, mune ino chinyorwa tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi quantum fizikisi uye kuti ndeapi maitiro ayo.
Chii chinonzi quantum physics
Quantum fizikisi inonziwo quantum kana mechanical theory. Nokuti yakavakirwa padzidziso yemuchina inonangana nechiyero chehurefu uye chiitiko cheatomu uye subatomic simba, ichipa hupenyu hutsva kune dzakapfuura dzidziso, idzo dzava kunzi hadzichashandi.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekirasi yefizikisi uye quantum fizikisi? Iyo yekupedzisira inotsanangura radiation uye nyaya sezviitiko zviviri: masaisai uye zvimedu. Naizvozvo, iyo wave-particle duality inogona kutariswa seimwe yehunhu hweiyi mechanics. Hukama huri pakati pemafungu uye zvimedu hunodzidzwa uye hunosimbiswa kuburikidza nemisimboti miviri:
- Nheyo yekuzadzisa
- Heisenberg's kusavimbika musimboti (iyo yekupedzisira inogadzirisa yekutanga).
Tinogona kuva nechokwadi chekuti, mushure mekuwanikwa kwedzidziso yehukama uye kuzvarwa kwefizikisi yekare, maonero aya akaunza nguva itsva, fizikisi yemazuva ano. Kuti udzidze quantum mechanics zvizere, kubatanidzwa pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvefizikisi kunodiwa:
- Atomic physics
- Zvimedu zvenyama
- Physics yezvinhu
- Nuclear physics
Kutanga
Classical fizikisi handina kukwanisa kudzidza nyaya padiki nhanho mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, iyo inogona kunzi inopfuura chiyero chekuyera kweatomu. Nokudaro, hazvibviri kudzidza chokwadi chekuedza, kunyanya zviitiko zvine chokuita nechiedza uye maerekitironi. Asi vanhu vanogara vachida kuenda mberi, uye kuda kuziva kwake kwomuzvarirwo kunomuita kuti aongorore zvakawanda.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvakawanwa zvakabuda muchiyero cheatomu chakadenha fungidziro dzekare. Quantum theory yakazvarwa nekuda kweshoko rakagadzirwa nemudzidzi Max Planck pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti hukuru hwe microscopic uye huwandu hwemamwe masisitimu emuviri anogona kutochinja zvisingaenderere mberi asi zvine hungwaru.
Izvi ndizvo zvidzidzo uye tsvagiridzo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kusvika pamhedziso idzi:
- 1803: kucherechedzwa kwemaatomu sechinhu chinoumba mamorekuru
- 1860: iyo periodic tafura inounganidza maatomu nemakemikari zvinhu
- 1874: kuwanikwa kweelectron uye nucleus
- 1887: zvidzidzo pane ultraviolet mwaranzi
Zuva rekupedzisira rinogona kutara mutsetse mukuru wekuparadzanisa. Kune radiation frequency pazasi pechikumbaridzo, iyo yekudyidzana phenomenon (photoelectric effect) pakati pemagetsi emagetsi nemwaranzi inonyangarika. Nekuda kweiyo photoelectric effect, simba remaerekitironi rinoenzana nekuwanda kwemwaranzi yemagetsi. Dzidziso yaMaxwell yemafungu haichakwani kutsanangura zvimwe zvinoitika.
Quantum dzidziso
Kupfupisa zvinhu zvakakonzera kuzvarwa kwehuwandu hwefizikisi, tinogona kunyora mamwe akakosha mazuva ane hukama nezvakawanikwa uye ruzivo rwakashandiswa kutsvaga nhoroondo yequantum mechanics:
- 1900: Planck i.Inosuma pfungwa yokuti simba rinoverengwa, rinotorwa, uye rinobudiswa.
- 1905: Einstein inoratidza iyo photoelectric mhedzisiro (simba remagetsi emagetsi rinotakurwa nequanta yechiedza (mafotoni)
- 1913: Bohr inoenzanisa kufamba kweorbital kwe electron.
- 1915: Summerfeld inosuma mitemo mitsva, generalizing quantification nzira.
Asi kubva muna 1924 iyo quantum theory, sezvatinoziva ikozvino, yakateya nheyo. Pazuva iri, Louise de Broggie akagadzira dzidziso yemafungu enyaya. Gore rakatevera, Heinsburg akatora, akagadzira matrix mechanics, uye ipapo Dirac akakurudzira dzidziso yakakosha yehukama muna 1927. Kusvikira 1982, apo Orsay Institute of Optics yakapedza kuferefeta kwayo kutyorwa kwekusaenzana kwaBell, zvakawanwa izvi zvakaenderera mberi. .
Nheyo dze quantum physics
Pakati pezvinonyanya kufadza zvakawanikwa tinowana:
- Wave-particle duality
- Nheyo yekuzadzisa
- Kutanga kwekusava nechokwadi
Wave-particle dualism
Kare, classical fizikisi chete yaivepo. Izvi zvakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri emitemo:
- Mitemo yaNewton
- Mitemo yaMaxwell
Seti yekutanga yemitemo inotsanangura mafambiro uye simba rezvinhu zvemuchina, nepo yechipiri seti yemitemo inotsanangura maitiro uye kubatana pakati pezvidzidzo zviri chikamu chemagetsi emagetsi: chiedza nemasaisai eredhiyo, semuenzaniso.
Zvimwe zviedzo zvinoratidza kuti chiedza chinogona kufungwa nezvacho sesaisai. Asi hazvina kusimbiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, chiedza chine chidimbu chechimiro (kubva kuEinstein naPlanck) uye, naizvozvo, pfungwa yokuti inoumbwa nephotons yakawedzera uye yakawanda pamutemo. Kutenda kuna Bohr zvakanzwisiswa kuti chimiro chechinhu nemwaranzi yaive:
- Itai masaisai
- Ita muviri
Zvakanga zvisisagone kufunga kubva kune imwe nzira kana imwe, asi kubva kune inowirirana. Bohr's complementary principle inongosimbisa pfungwa iyi, kureva kuti, zviitiko zvinoitika pachiyero cheatomiki zvine hunyambiri hwemasaisai nezvidimbu.
Heinsenberg kusavimbika musimboti
Sezvatakambotaura muna 1927, Heinsenberg akaratidza kuti mamwe mapaya ehuwandu hwemuviri, sevelocity uye chinzvimbo, haikwanise kunyoresa panguva imwe chete pasina kukanganisa. Kurongeka kunogona kukanganisa chimwe chezviyero zviviri, asi kwete zvese panguva imwe chete, nekuti zviitiko zvakaita sekumhanya zvinokanganisa imwe mhedzisiro yekuyera uye kuita kuti kuyerwa kuve kwechokwadi.
Kuti uwane electron, zvakakosha kuvhenekera photon. Kupfupika kwewavelength yephoton, ndiko kuwedzera kwakaringana kuyerwa kwenzvimbo yeelectron. Muhuwandu hwefizikisi, iyo yakaderera wave frequency yemafotoni inotakura simba rakawanda nekumhanya kupfuura kunwa maerekitironi. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviyero izvi hazvigone kutsanangurwa.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve quantum physics chii uye kuti ndeapi maitiro ayo.