MuPeru mune imwe yedzakanyanya kukosha asi isingazivikanwe tsika dzekondinendi yeAmerica. Ndezve Caral, iguta rekare muAmerican continent, iyo yava kupemberera kusvitsa makore makumi maviri neshanu pakuchera kwayo. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchera matongo dzakawanikwa muguta rino dzine ruzivo rwakakura nezvenhoroondo yemunhu.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Caral, iro guta rekare pane iyo kondinendi yeAmerica, maitiro ayo uye zvakawanikwa.
Caral, iguta rekare muAmerican continent
MuCaral, guta rinonyanya kubatikana mukondinendi yeAmerica, kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemahekita makumi matanhatu nematanhatu muValle Supere kumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe-pakati pePeru. Ndiyo imwe yebudiriro huru muAmerica, uye budiriro yakaivaka, tsika yeCaral, Inoonekwa seyakakura budiriro mukondinendi yeAmerica.
Hupfumi hweCaral hwakavakirwa pakurima uye kubata hove mune inonzi chiteshi cheSupe pamhenderekedzo yePacific. Munharaunda iyi, nzvimbo dzekugara dzakatanga kukura nekukurumidza pakati pe3000 B.C. C. uye 2700 a. C., uye nzvimbo idzi dzekugara dzakadyidzana nekutsinhana zvigadzirwa pakati pavo uye kunyangwe nevamwe vanhu vari kure. nzanga dzakawanda dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzakaumbwa pakati pe2700 na 2550 BC guta guru reCaral rakavakwa, nzvimbo yezvivakwa zvikuru. Pakanga pari panguva iyi apo nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzakatanga kuoneka muSuper Valley uye iri padyo nePativelka Valley, pakati pe2550 ne2400 BC. Kurudziro yetsika yeCaral yakasvika kuchamhembe kwePeru, kubva kuVentarrón, Lambayeque kana dzimwe nzvimbo kumaodzanyemba sezvakaratidzwa panzvimbo iyi, semipata yeChillón, Rímac, Asia…
kuvandudza kugona
VanaCarals vaive nzanga yepamusoro iyo yakagadzira ruzivo rwakakura rwesainzi uye tekinoroji uye yakaendesa ruzivo urwu kune dzimwe tsika dzakavakidzana. Havagari mumaguta akakomberedzwa nemasvingo kana kugadzira zvombo, asi vanotengeserana pfuma, zvinhu, uye ruzivo nevanogara mumakomo nemasango. Saizvozvowo, vakasangana neSpondylus, mollusk inofananidzwa nemvura dzinopisa dzeEcuador, iyo yakaita basa rakakosha munharaunda dzeAndean, vakawanawo sodalite, mineral kubva kuBolivia iyo yakatoburitsa mhando nyowani dzeChile nekuviga vana. Vakafa vakashandiswa muCuervo tsika inoratidza kuti Caral yaive yakabatana nedzimwe tsika dzaive kure nenzvimbo.
Kukosha kweCaral, iro guta rekare mukondinendi yeAmerica, kunoratidzwa mune zvayo zvekuvaka, izvo zvinomiririra-uye zvakare zvinombundirwa nedzimwe tsika-: akanyura denderedzwa plaza, niches, kaviri-column magonhi, anti-seismic tekinoroji, akatsika mapuratifomu. Iguta remudhorobha rakagadzirwa nezvivakwa zvakasiyana. Haina nzvimbo yakakomberedzwa uye iri pa terrace inoidzivirira kubva kunjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.
Guta reCaral harina rusvingo rwakakomberedzwa uye riri pachikuva chinoridzivirira kubva kunjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. Mapiramidhi matanhatu aripo, rimwe nerimwe riine masitepisi epakati neatari ine moto wepakati. Zvivako zvakavakwa nematombo uye matanda kubva pamiti yakadonha. Mapiramidhi matanhatu aripo, rimwe nerimwe riine masitepisi epakati akatarisana neimwe nyeredzi. Zvivakwa zvese izvi zvaive neatari ine moto pakati (denderedzwa kana quadrilateral) uye mapombi epasi pevhu aifambisa simba remhepo. Mhemberero dzechitendero dzichaitwa muzvivako izvi, kusanganisira kupisa zvipiriso kuvamwari. Asi zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvinonyanya kushamisa mapaza ayo maviri edenderedzwa, pamberi pezvivakwa zviviri zvakaita sepiramidhi. Zvingangodaro zvine chokuita nemitambo yechitendero.
njodzi yezvakatipoteredza
Vanochera matongo vakashanda munzvimbo gumi nembiri dzetsika iyi nechinangwa chekunzwisisa hurongwa hwemagariro eCaral civilization uye kuti yakachinja sei pamusoro pemireniya, kuwana mukurumbira nebudiriro kusvika yapinda mudambudziko uye yakadonha nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. iyo yakakura Supe Valley ichipinda munyika ine madutu nejecha, yakakanganiswa nekusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, mamiriro akakonzera kusiiwa kwenzvimbo dzemaguta. Shanduko, migumisiro yayo yave ine ngwavaira. Vanochera matongo vakaona nhevedzano yezviitiko zvekunze zvakanyanyisa, zvinosanganisira kudengenyeka kwenyika nemvura inonaya iyo yakafashamira nzvimbo yemusha wokuredza.
Paivawo nekusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya kwakagara kwemakumi emakore: Rwizi rweSupe rwakapwa uye minda yakazadzwa nejecha. Pakupedzisira, pashure pokugumisa nzara dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzinoparadza dzeiyi budiriro ine mbiri, Caral namataundi akapoteredza. Vakasiiwa makore akapoteredza 1900 BC, vasingazive zvakaitika kune vagari vemo.
Monuments of Caral, guta rekare muAmerican continent
Pakati pemakore 3000 ne2500 BC, vagari veCaral akatanga kuumba tumisha tuduku mune yava kunzi purovhinzi yeBarranca zvino, vachitaurirana uye kuchinjana zvinhu uye zvinhu. Ikoko ndiko kwakatanga kuvakwa kwenzvimbo huru yeguta, umo mapuratifomu akakosha edenderedzwa uye madziro eruzhinji epiramidhi akavakwa akashanda senzvimbo dzemhemberero. Muzvivako izvi, vanhu vainamata vanamwari uye vaipisa zvipiriso sechiratidzo chokuonga.
Munguva yekuvapo kwavo, tsika iyi yakavaka migero, masara ayo anoratidza mashandisiro avakaita mamiriro ekunze uye zviwanikwa zvemvura. Kuburikidza nezvivakwa izvi vanokwanisa kutungamira mhepo kuitira kuti mvura iyerere ichienda kwakadzikira uye inogona kushandiswa pamabasa epamba.
Kohwa izvi zvakasikwa zvinobatsira Iri rimwe remabasa akakosha ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.. Puquios (“zvitubu” muQuechua) yakavakwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomupata wacho semadhamu okushandisa mvura.
Upfumi hwaCaral hwakavakirwa pakuredza nekurima. Zvinoenderana neongororo iyi, vaitengesa donje nehove dzisina mvura nemamwe nzanga dzeAndean neAmazon. Kutengeserana kwekuchinja kwakaitwa nedzimwe tsika dzisina kusimukira dzaigara mudunhu reAndean.
Humwe hunhu hwaCaral hwaive ruzivo rwake rwakadzama rwesainzi uye tekinoroji, iyo yakaendeswa kune dzimwe tsika dzakavakidzana. Kusimukira uku kunoratidzwa mukugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva hwekurima, hwakadai semigero yambotaurwa. Saizvozvowo, pane humbowo hwekuti budiriro iyi inogona kunge yakaronga uto rakagadzira zvombo zvaro.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Caral, guta rekare mukondinendi yeAmerica.