Antarctic Climate

Antarctica ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasirese uye iri kumaodzanyemba (kumaodzanyemba) kondinendi. Muchokwadi, nzvimbo yaro yenzvimbo iri kuSouth Pole yePasi. Nharaunda yaro inenge yakazara (98%) yakafukidzwa nechando kusvika 1,9 km mukobvu. The Antarctica weather Yakadzidzwa zvakadzama kuitira kuti unzwisise zvese zvinowanikwa mune ino ecosystem.

Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezvemamiriro ekunze eAntarctica, kushanduka kwayo uye kukosha kwayo kune nyika.

kondinendi yechando

Sezvo isu tiri kutaura pamusoro penzvimbo inotonhora, yakaoma uye ine mhepo zvakanyanya paPasi, hupenyu hwakajairwa muAntarctica hunenge husingaite, saka. haina vagari vemo. Inongogarwa chete neakasiyana ekutarisa ezvesainzi mishoni (anenge chiuru kusvika ku1.000 vanhu mukati megore rose) ine mabhesi mukati memiganhu yayo, kazhinji paAntarctic Plateau.

Mukuwedzera, ndiyo kondinendi ichangobva kuwanikwa. Yakatanga kucherechedzwa nomufambisi wengarava wokuSpain Gabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) muzhizha rokumaodzanyemba ra1603. Kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1895, apo zvikepe zvokutanga zveNorway zvakamhara pamhenderekedzo yegungwa muna XNUMX.

Nekune rimwe divi, zita rayo rinobva munguva dzekare: rakatanga kushandiswa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle (384-322 BC) makore akapoteredza 350 BC. MuMeteorology yake, akatumidza matunhu aya "akatarisana nekuchamhembe" (saka iro zita kubva muchiGiriki antarktikós, "yakatarisana neNorth Pole").

Hunhu hweAntarctica

Antarctica ine zvinotevera maitiro:

• Nzvimbo yekondinendi yakakura kudarika Oceania kana Europe, uye ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasirese, iine nzvimbo inosvika 14 miriyoni mativi emakiromita, ayo chete 280.000 makiromita akaenzana asina ice muzhizha uye 17.968 km2 pamhenderekedzo.
• Boka guru rezvitsuwa chikamu chenharaunda yayo, mukurusa ari Alexander I (49.070 km²), Berkner Island (43.873 km²), Thurston Island (15.700 km²) uye Cany Island (8.500 km²). Antarctica haina vagari vemo, haina nyika, uye haina kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo, kunyangwe ichinzi nenyika nomwe dzakasiyana: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, Great Britain, Argentina, neChile.
• Nharaunda yeAntarctic inotongwa neAntarctic Treaty, kushanda kubvira 1961, iyo inorambidza chero nzira yekuvapo kwemauto, kubviswa kwemaminerari, bhomba reatomu uye kuraswa kwezvinhu zvine radioactive, pamwe nerumwe rutsigiro rwekutsvagisa kwesainzi uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo ecoregion.
• Iine akawanda subglacial freshwater deposits seOnyx (32 km kureba) kana Lake Vostok (14.000 km2 pamusoro). Pamusoro pezvo, dunhu rine 90% yeaizi yePasi, ine 70% yemvura yakachena yepasirese.
• Antarctica inzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwePasi, mukati menzvimbo yeSouth Pole neAntarctic Circle, pazasi peAntarctic Convergence Zone, kureva, pasi pelatitudes 55° uye 58° Maodzanyemba. Yakakomberedzwa nemakungwa eAntarctic neIndia padyo nePacific neSouth Atlantic oceans, uye inongori makiromita chiuru kubva kumaodzanyemba kumucheto kweSouth America (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Antarctic Climate

Antarctica ine mamiriro ekunze anotonhora kupfuura mamwe makondinendi ese. Tembiricha yaro yakaderera yenguva dzese ndiyo yakaderera zvakarekodhwa pasi rose (-89,2 ° C), uye matunhu ayo ekumabvazuva anotonhora zvakanyanya kupfuura matunhu ekumadokero nekuti akakwira. Iko kuderera kwekushisa kwegore negore munguva yechando uye mukati mekondinendi kazhinji kunenge -80 ° C, nepo tembiricha yepamusoro yepagore munzvimbo dzezhizha nemahombekombe ari kutenderera 0°C.

Pamusoro pezvo, ndiyo nzvimbo yakaoma paPasi uye mvura yemvura iri kushomeka. Nharaunda dzaro dzomukati dzine mhepo shomanene ine unyoro uye dzakaoma segwenga raoma nechando, nepo nzvimbo dzaro dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzine mhepo yakawanda uye ine simba, inofarira kunaya kwechando.

Nhoroondo ye geological yeAntarctica yakatanga anenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu emakore apfuura nekuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kweGondwana supercontinent. Kune dzimwe nhanho dzehupenyu hwayo hwepakutanga, yakasangana nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe uye mamiriro ekunze anopisa kana anodziya nguva yechando yePleistocene isati yafukidza kondinendi uye yakaparadza maruva nemhuka dzayo.

Kumadokero kwekondinendi iyi kwakafanana nemakomo eAndes, asi zvinogoneka kuti kune humwe hupenyu munzvimbo dzakaderera dzemahombekombe. Kusiyana neizvi, dunhu rekumabvazuva rakakwirira uye rine nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo, inozivikanwa seAntarctic Plateau kana Geographic South Pole.

kukwirira uku inorebesa anopfuura 1.000 makiromita kuenda kumabvazuva, neavhareji yakakwirira yemamita 3.000. Nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro iDome A, 4093 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Antarctic mhuka dzesango

Zvisikwa zveAntarctica zviri kushomeka, kunyanya nezvemhuka dzepasi pevhu, dzinofarira zvitsuwa zvesubantarctic zvine mamiriro ekunze asina kuoma. Invertebrates dzakadai tardigrades, inda, nematodes, krill uye tupukanana dzakasiyana.

Nzvimbo huru dzehupenyu munharaunda dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaderera uye dzemahombekombe, kusanganisira hupenyu hwemvura: blue whales, killer whales, squid kana pinnipeds (sezvisimbiso kana shumba dzegungwa). Kune zvakare akati wandei marudzi emapenguin, pakati pawo emperor penguin, king penguin uye rockhopper penguin inomira.

Vazhinji vakasaina kuAntarctic Treaty vane mabhesi ekutsvaga kwesainzi mukondinendi. Mamwe ndeechigarire, ane vashandi vanotenderera, uye mamwe ndeemwaka kana zhizha, apo tembiricha nemamiriro ekunze zvisina hutsinye. Huwandu hwemabhesi hunogona kusiyana kubva kune rimwe gore kuenda kune rimwe, huchikwanisa kusvika makumi mana mabhesi kubva kune makumi maviri nyika dzakasiyana. (2014).

Mabhesi mazhinji ezhizha ndeaGermany, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, United States, France, India, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Russia, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Nheyo dzechando dzeGermany, Argentina neChile dzinoramba dziri muAntarctica munguva yechando yakaoma.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemamiriro ekunze eAntarctica uye maitiro ayo.