Manufar ina luz yana yawan yaudara. Kasancewar kalmar shekara ya sa mutane da yawa suna danganta furcin da raka'a ta wucin gadi. Sai dai kuma ita ce ma’aunin ma’aunin Longitude da ake amfani da shi a fagen ilmin falaki, don haka a maimakon a ce “a dauki shekara haske”, sai mutane suka ce “ka zama shekara mai haske”.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku menene shekara haske, yadda ake auna shi, misalai da ƙari mai yawa.
Menene shekara mai haske
Wannan ra'ayi yana aiki azaman naúrar ma'auni a ilmin taurari wanda ke ƙididdige tazarar da photon ko barbashi na haske za su iya tafiya a cikin vacuum na shekara guda. A cikin ma'auni, Shekarar haske ɗaya daidai yake da kilomita 9,46 x 1012 ko 9.460.730.472.580,8 km. An ƙera wannan rukunin musamman don auna ɗimbin nisa daga gefe wanda ya wuce biliyoyin kilomita. Waɗannan nisa suna buƙatar takamaiman ma'auni don bayyana su ta hanya mai sauƙin fahimta.
UNungiyar uwa ta UNungiyar uwa ta duniya ta samar da madaidaicin ma'anar shekara mai haske, wanda aka taƙaita azaman ly ko kwance cikin Turanci. Don auna shi, dole ne a la'akari da kalandar Julian (maimakon na Gregorian) da kuma saurin haske (wanda aka ƙidaya a mita 299.792.458 a cikin daƙiƙa guda). Don haka, tsawon shekarar da haske ke tafiya nisa a sararin samaniya yana daidai da kwanaki 365,25, maimakon kwanaki 365,2425 kamar yadda yake a kalandar Gregorian.
Kamar sauran raka'o'in ma'aunin nisa, ana iya faɗaɗa wannan ma'aunin zuwa mafi girma da yawa ta ƙara prefix zuwa ƙimar lamba. Misali, ana iya bayyana tazarar shekarun haske 1.000 a matsayin shekara-haske kilo, ko kly, yayin da tazarar shekarun haske 1.000.000 za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin shekara mai haske, ko kyalli.
Asalin ra'ayi
A tsakiyar karni na 61, Friedrich Bessel, masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi dan kasar Jamus, ya kafa manufar shekarar haske a matsayin naúrar ma'auni. Nasarar da Bessel ta samu shine madaidaicin lissafin nisa daga Duniya zuwa tauraro banda Rana, musamman tauraron XNUMX Cygni dake cikin rukunin taurarin Cygnus. Wannan nisa ya zama abin ban mamaki adadin kilomita 98.734.594.662 ko mil 61.350.985.287,1, Waɗannan lambobi ne masu wuyar iyawa. Don kaucewa wannan matsala, Bessel ta zabi bayyana wannan nisa dangane da adadin lokacin da haske ke dauka don tafiya wannan tazarar, wato kimanin shekaru 10,3.
A tsawon lokacin da Bessel ke aiki, har yanzu ba a tantance saurin hasken ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya guji amfani da kalmar "shekara haske" a lissafinsa. Otto Ule, wani mashahurin marubucin kimiyya na Jamus, ya gabatar da manufar "shekara haske" a shekara ta 1851 kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da shi a irin wannan hanya zuwa "sa'ar tafiya."
An fara kallon wannan naúrar ma'aunin a matsayin naúrar ilmin taurari ta jami'ar Jamus, ko da yake wasu, kamar masanin ilimin taurari na Biritaniya Arthur Eddington. sun yi adawa da ɗaukarsa, suna la'akari da shi mai wahala, rashin aiki, kuma mafi dacewa da ilimin kimiyya.
Misalai na nisa da aka auna a cikin shekarun haske
Lokacin da aka auna a cikin shekarun haske, wasu tazara na sararin samaniya suna da mahimmanci musamman. Bari mu ga wasu misalai mafi wakilci inda masana kimiyya ke amfani da wannan rukunin ma'auni:
- Hanyar madara, namu galaxy, yana da diamita na kimanin shekaru haske 150.000. Don kwatantawa, Andromeda, makwabciyarta galaxy, yana da diamita na kimanin shekaru haske 240.000. An raba taurarin biyu da tazarar shekarun haske 2.500.000.
- A gefen waje na Tsarin mu na hasken rana yana cikin Oort Cloud., kuma tazarar dake tsakanin wannan gajimare da Rana ya kai kusan shekara 1 haske.
- na gaba Centauri, Tauraro mafi kusa da Rana, yana da nisan shekaru 4,22 haske.
- Dwarf galaxy Canis Major, wanda shine mafi kusa da Milky Way, an raba shi da nisan shekaru 25.000 na haske.
- Ƙungiyar taurarin taurari, gami da Milky Way, Yana da kiyasin diamita na shekarun haske 10.000.000.
- Virgo Supercluster, wanda ya ƙunshi Local Group of galaxy, yana da kiyasin diamita na shekarun haske 200.
- Ƙungiyar Pisces-Cetus supercluster, wanda ya haɗa da Virgo Supercluster, yana da kimanin diamita na 1.000.000.000-shekaru.
- La Babban bangon Hercules-Corona Borealis, tsarin falaki mafi girma da ake iya gani a sararin samaniya, yana da kimanin diamita fiye da shekaru haske 10.000.000.000.
Sauran raka'a na ma'auni
Baya ga wannan sanannen ma'auni na sararin samaniya, akwai wasu raka'o'in ma'auni waɗanda ake amfani da su don wakiltar nisa mai girma tsakanin halittun sama da kuma sararin samaniya. Yawancin waɗannan raka'o'in an samo su ne daga shekarar haske, ciki har da watan haske, hasken rana, sa'a mai haske, mintin haske, da na biyu haske. Waɗannan raka'o'in suna aiki akan ƙa'ida ɗaya kuma ana yawan amfani dasu a cikin mashahurin kimiyya, sadarwa, da ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam.
Kwararrun ilmin taurari sun fi son yin amfani da raka'o'in ilmin taurari da suka wuce tsawon shekara guda na haske. Misalan irin waɗannan raka'a sun haɗa da:
- Wanda aka yi masa suna don parallax na Ingilishi na daƙiƙa ɗaya, Parsec (pc) shine naúrar ma'auni daidai da shekarun haske 3,2616.
- Ta hanyar ƙididdige matsakaiciyar nisa tsakanin Duniya da Rana, masana kimiyya sun kafa naúrar astronomical (AU) a matsayin daidai da minti 8 haske.
Daliban ilmin taurari sun fi son naúrar taurari a matsayin ma'aunin da suka fi so saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙimar sa, wanda za a iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi. A gefe guda kuma, ƙimar shekara ta haske yana ƙarƙashin la'akari da mahallin mahallin, kamar ko ana ɗaukar ma'aunin a cikin sarari ko kuma ana amfani da kalandar Julian ko Gregorian.
Shekarar haske ba ta da ma'ana kuma mafi rikitarwa fiye da sauran. Duk da haka, yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai siffa sosai na babban nisa tsakanin abubuwan sama. Wannan shi ne saboda haske, wanda shine mafi sauri a cikin sararin samaniya, ana amfani da shi azaman batu don auna waɗannan nisa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene shekarar haske da yadda ake auna shi.