A cikin ilimin kimiyya an sami masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka kawo canji idan ya zo ga sanin yadda abubuwa suke aiki. Ilimi game da barbashi, atoms, da electron ya samar da ci gaba da yawa a kimiya. Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin ga Tsarin atom na Thomson. An kuma san shi da samfurin Raisin Pudding.
A cikin wannan labarin zaku iya koyon duk abin da ya shafi tsarin kwayar zarra ta Thomson, menene halayen sa da yadda yake da mahimmanci ga kimiyya.
Menene samfurin atomic Thomson
Wannan samfuri ne wanda aka haɓaka a shekarar 1904 kuma za'a iya gano farkon kwayar halittar farko. Wanda ya gano wannan shine masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya Joseph John Thomson. Wannan mutumin ya sami damar gano ɓarna mara kyau ta hanyar gwajin da yayi amfani da tubes ray cathode a cikin 1897.
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya kasance mai girman gaske tunda babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa kwayar zarra na iya zama cibiya. Wannan masanin kimiyyar ya kaimu ga zaton cewa wutan lantarki ya nitse cikin wani irin abu mai tabbataccen caji wanda yake magance mummunan caji na electrons. Wannan shine abin da ya sanya kwayoyin zarra suna da cajin tsaka tsaki.
Don bayyana su ta hanyar da aka fahimta kamar sanya jel ne da zabibi yana iyo a ciki. Saboda haka sunan samfurin pudding tare da zabibi. A cikin wannan samfurin, Thomson ya dauki nauyin kiran wutan lantarki kuma ya dauki cewa an tsara su ta hanyar da bazuwar hanya. Yau sananne ne cewa suna cikin wani nau'ikan zobba na juyawa kuma kowane zoben yana da matakan ƙarfinsa daban. Lokacin da lantarki ya rasa kuzarinsa sai ya tafi zuwa mataki mafi girma, ma'ana, yana motsawa daga tsakiya na kwayar zarra.
Gwajin tsare zinariya
Abinda Thompson yayi tunani shine cewa tabbataccen kwayar zarra koyaushe yana nan har abada. Wannan samfurin da ya kirkira a cikin 1904 ba shi da karɓaɓɓen ilimi. Shekaru biyar bayan haka Geiger da Marsden sun sami damar yin gwaji tare da zinare wanda ya sanya binciken Thomson ba yayi tasiri ba. A wannan gwajin suka wuce katako daga barbashin helium alpha ta hanyar takardar zinariya. Abubuwan Alpha ba komai bane face zakuna na wani element, ma'ana, nuclei wadanda basu da lantarki kuma saboda haka suna da caji mai kyau.
Sakamakon gwajin shi ne cewa wannan katako ya warwatse lokacin da yake wucewa ta cikin zinaren zinaren. Tare da wannan, za'a iya kammala cewa dole ne a sami cibiya tare da tushen kyakkyawan caji wanda ke da alhakin karkatar da hasken haske. A gefe guda, a cikin samfurin atom na Thomson muna da cewa an rarraba cajin mai kyau tare da abin da aka ce gelatin wanda ya ƙunshi electrons. Wannan yana nufin cewa katako na ions na iya wucewa ta atom na wannan samfurin.
Lokacin da aka nuna akasin haka a gwaji na gaba, wannan samfurin za a iya hana shi atomic
Binciken lantarki ya fito ne daga wani sashin samfurin atom amma daga Dalton. A waccan samfurin, ana daukar kwayar zarra a matsayin wacce ba zata rabu ba. Wannan shine ya sa Thomson yayi tunani game da ƙirar Raisin Pudding.
Halaye na ƙirar atom na Thomson
Daga cikin manyan halayen wannan ƙirar muna taƙaita abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Atom din da wannan samfurin yake wakilta kama da wani Sphere cewa yana da a gaskiya ma cajin abu tare da electrons ana cajin su mara kyau. Dukansu wutan lantarki da kuma tabbataccen cajin abu suna nan cikin yanayin.
- Kyakkyawan zargi da korau suna da girma ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin cewa dukkanin kwayar zarra ba ta da caji, amma tsaka-tsakin lantarki ne.
- Don haka atom a gaba ɗaya na iya samun cajin tsaka tsaki wayoyin suna buƙatar nutsar da su cikin wani abu mai ƙarancin caji. Wannan shine abin da aka ambata tare da zabibi a matsayin ɓangare na lantarki kuma sauran gelatin shine ɓangaren tare da caji mai kyau.
- Kodayake ba a bayyana ta a bayyane ba, ana iya fahimtar cewa a cikin wannan samfurin kwayar zarra ba ta wanzu ba.
Lokacin da Thomson ya kirkiro wannan samfurin, ya watsar da tunanin da ya gabata game da kwayar zarra. Wannan tsinkayen ya ta'allaka ne da cewa kwayoyin halittar sunadarai ne wadanda basu dace ba. Kasancewarsa kwararren masanin kimiyya yana son kirkirar nasa samfurin kwayar zarra dangane da shaidar gwaji da aka sani a zamaninsa.
Duk da cewa wannan samfurin bai zama cikakke cikakke ba, ya iya taimakawa wajen shimfida madaidaitan tushe don samfuran daga baya su sami nasara. Godiya ga wannan samfurin, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban waɗanda suka haifar da sabon ƙarshe kuma wannan shine ilimin da muke da shi a yau ya haɓaka sosai.
Ituntatawa da kurakurai na ƙirar atom na Thomson
Za mu bincika menene batutuwan da wannan samfurin bai yi nasara ba a kansu kuma me ya sa ba zai ci gaba ba. Abu na farko shine cewa bai iya bayanin yadda ake kiyaye cajin akan lantarki a cikin kwayar zarra ba. Rashin iya bayanin wannan, shima bai iya warware komai ba game da kwanciyar hankali na kwayar zarra.
A cikin ka'idarsa bai ambaci komai game da kwayar zarra ba. Da a yau mun san cewa kwayar zarra ta kunshi tsakiya wanda ya kunshi proton da neutron da electrons suna juyawa a matakan makamashi daban-daban.
Ba a gano proton da neutron ba tukuna. Thompson yayi ƙoƙari ya kafa samfurinsa akan bayani tare da abubuwan da aka tabbatar da ilimin kimiyya a wancan lokacin. Lokacin da aka tabbatar da gwajin zinaren, an yi watsi da shi da sauri. A cikin wannan gwajin an nuna cewa dole ne ya kasance akwai wani abu a cikin kwayar zarra wanda zai sanya shi ya zama yana da caji mai kyau kuma ya fi girma. Wannan an riga an san cewa shine kwayar zarra.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da samfurin atom na Thomson.