El Nearnderthal sananne ne da sunan kimiyya na Homo Neanderthalensis Ya kasance hominid ne wanda ya bunkasa musamman a Turai daga kimanin shekaru 230.000 da suka wuce zuwa shekaru 28.000 da suka gabata. An san shi da sunan Neanderthal kuma ba kamar sauran nau'ikan jinsi ba Homo ya haɓaka musamman kuma ya rayu a yankin Turai.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da Neanderthal da halayensa.
Asalin Neanderthal
Asali na Turai ne na musamman wanda aka samo shaidu da ke nuna cewa zuriyar Homo heidelbergensis, wanda ya zo Turai daga Afirka a lokacin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Akwai shekarun da suka gabata cewa tana da dangantaka, wanda ko da yake ba a bayyana sosai ba, tare da Homo sapiens a cikin mahallin juyin halittar mutum. Akwai nazarin adadi da yawa da aka samo kuma akwai shakku. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine sun kasance jinsuna daban-daban guda biyu, kodayake suna da jinsi iri ɗaya, sun rayu tare a lokaci guda.
Kuma wannan jinsin ɗan adam yana da bambancin yanayin halitta tare da Homo sapiens. Capacitywaƙwalwar kwakwalwa tana da girma, har ma ya fi na ɗan adam na zamani. Wannan yana daga cikin dalilan da yasa ake shakku game da dalilin bacewar ta tsakanin masana. Mafi shahararren kaida shine wanda ya bayyana cewa adadinsu ya mamaye su Homo sapiens hakan ya fito ne daga Afirka. Mun san cewa wannan nahiya itace shimfiɗar jariri na bil'adama tunda jinsin mu ne suka fito a wannan nahiya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kakannin ɗan adam suka faɗaɗa zuwa sauran duniyar tamu da ke zuwa mamaye ta gaba ɗaya. Ba su kadai bane a tsarin juyin halitta.
Ta wannan hanyar, a cikin Turai jinsin mutane daban-daban na jinsi daya na iya tashi. Neanderthal yana da ikon zama jinsin halittu rinjaye. Jinsin da ya fito daga ciki sun canza mazauninsu yayin aiwatar da kankara. Wannan ya sanya dole suka yi hijira zuwa kudu saboda tsananin yanayin yanayin muhalli. A cikin karnonin da suka gabata akwai yanayi na keɓewa da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da buƙatar daidaitawa da haɓaka cikin hominids.
Bayan shekarun kankara sun ƙare, sai suka fara kama da Neanderthals. Anan ne zasu tafi daga zama jinsin daban zuwa wani. An haifi Homo Neanderthalensis.
Gano yawan jama'a
Kodayake tana da daɗewa, amma ba ta da yawan jama'a. An kiyasta cewa a lokacin da 200.000 ke rayuwa a duniyar, bai wuce yawan mutanen 7.000 ba. Wannan ƙaramar al'umma ce kaɗan, tunda a yau kowane ƙaramin gari yana da mazauna da yawa. Lokacin da wannan nau'in ya sha wahala da darajarta ya faru kusan shekaru 100.000 da suka wuce. Kayan aikin da aka samo sun baiwa masana kimiyya damar tabbatar da cewa suna da karfin karfin ci gaban kwakwalwa.
Kodayake ba su da yawan jama'a, amma ya yiwu a sami burbushin halittu wadanda suka bazu sosai wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa sun yadu a cikin dukkanin nahiyar Turai. Wasu masana suna ganin da sun isa tsakiyar Asiya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Neanderthal da Homo sapiens wani lokacin yakan sabawa ra'ayin juyin halitta. Gaskiya ta sha bamban. Jinsin mutane basu bunkasa ba kuma sun samu ci gaba ta hanyar layi daya.
Daban-daban na wannan jinsin sun zo raba duniya a yankuna daban daban kuma sun rayu tare a wasu yankuna. Neanderthal ya zauna a Turai, Sapiens a Afirka da sauran nau'ikan halittu kamar Homo erectus sun isa Gabas.
Dabarar binciken da aka yi amfani da ita don karin bayani game da wannan nau'in ta taimaka matuka wajen bayyana yadda dan Adam ya bayyana. Dabarar bincikar DNA ne. Sananne ne cewa Sapiens da Neanderthals sun kasance tare a Turai lokacin da Sapiens suka bar Afirka. Amma ba a san komai game da rayuwarsu ba. Mun sani daga binciken da aka buga akan kwayar halittar Neanderthal cewa ɗan adam na yanzu yana da kusan 3% na DNA tare da Neanderthal. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsakanin nau'ikan jinsunan akwai masu haɗuwa, kodayake a takamaiman hanya.
Karewar Neanderthal
Gicciye tsakanin jinsunan biyu sun fara tsayi fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Mutane daban-daban sun kasance a wuri guda kusan shekaru 100.000 da suka wuce. Extarnar Neanderthals har yanzu wasu ƙungiyoyin kimiyya suna ta muhawara game da ita. Akwai wasu maganganun, amma babu wanda za'a iya kafawa daidai. Sabbin bayanai sun bayyana wanda kamar sun wuce ainihin lokacin bacewar wannan nau'in.
An kiyasta cewa sun fara ɓacewa lokacin da Turai ta fara sanyaya sosai, yana haifar da raguwar albarkatun ƙasa. Dangane da dalilin bacewarsa, akwai wasu masana da suka nuna cewa zai iya zama canjin yanayi da muka ambata. Wasu masana sun ce dalilin batan Neanderthal din na iya kasancewa saboda isowar Homo sapiens. Wannan ka'idar ba ta da tushe sosai tunda mun ga cewa akwai giciye a tsakanin su.
Saboda haka, kyakkyawan zato na ƙarshe wanda yake ƙoƙarin tabbatarwa shi ne cewa adadin mutane Sapiens ya zama 10 sama da na Neanderthals. Wannan ya haifar gwagwarmaya don albarkatun ƙasa da wasu cututtukan sun shafi Neanderthal ba Sapiens ba. A kan wannan mun ƙara tsallakawa tsakanin jinsunan biyu wanda ke nuna ɓacewar na baya.
Wasu son sani
Daga cikin burbushin halittun da aka samo na Neanderthals, zamu sami wasu daga cikinsu suna ba da isasshen bayani don sanin halayensu na zahiri. An daidaita su da sanyi tunda zasu ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ya nuna shekarun ƙankara na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar musu da dacewa da yanayi mai tsananin sanyi don rayuwa. Daga cikin waɗannan gyare-gyaren mun sami tsayi da gajarta. Hancin kuma yana da fadi don iya daukar kamshi a nesa mafi girma.
Ba su tsaya a waje ba tsayinsa tunda yana da matsakaicim tsayi na mita 1.65.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da Neanderthal da halayensa.